The question asks about the Jain philosophical view on the creation and maintenance of the world. This requires knowledge of the core tenets of Jainism, particularly its cosmology and metaphysics.
A) Universal law is the correct answer. Jainism rejects the idea of a creator god and posits that the universe is eternal, uncreated, and self-regulated by inherent, immutable universal laws (Dharma-astikaya, Adharma-astikaya, Akasha-astikaya, Kala, Pudgala, Jiva).
The question asks to identify commonalities between Buddhism and Jainism from the given statements. We need to evaluate each statement based on the core tenets of both religions.
Based on the evaluation, statements 2 and 3 are common to both Buddhism and Jainism.
B) 2 and 3 only
The question asks about the symbolism of the 'Bhumisparsha Mudra' in Buddhist iconography. This mudra (hand gesture) is highly significant in the life story of Buddha, particularly during his enlightenment. Understanding the context of this gesture is key to identifying its correct symbolism.
Correct Option: B) Buddha's calling of the Earth to witness his purity and Chastity despite the temptations of mara
This option accurately describes the historical and spiritual context of the Bhumisparsha Mudra. It represents Buddha's act of invoking the Earth as a witness to his unwavering purity and merit, which enabled him to resist Mara's final temptations and attain enlightenment.
This question asks for the fundamental difference between Chaityas and Viharas, two types of Buddhist rock-cut architecture. Understanding their primary functions is key to answering this question.
B) Chaitya is a place of worship, while Vihara is the dwelling place of the monks. This statement accurately describes the primary functions of Chaityas and Viharas in Buddhist rock-cut architecture. Chaityas are congregational halls for prayer and rituals, often featuring a stupa. Viharas are monastic residences where monks lived, studied, and meditated.
The question asks for the best description of Nirvana in Buddhism. This requires understanding the core tenets of Buddhist philosophy regarding suffering, desire, and liberation.
Correct Option: A) The extinction of the flame of desire. This option most accurately reflects the Buddhist understanding of Nirvana as the cessation of craving (tanha), which is the root cause of suffering according to the Four Noble Truths.
The question asks to identify the statements applicable to Jain doctrine. We need to evaluate each statement based on the core principles of Jainism.
D) 1, 2 and 3
All three statements accurately describe fundamental tenets of Jain doctrine. Penance is key to annihilating Karma, the belief in souls in all objects (including particles) is central, and the eradication of Karma is the ultimate goal for the soul's liberation.