Consider the following statements:
1. ‘Right to the City’ is an agreed human right and the UN-Habitat monitors the commitments made by each country in this regard.
2. ‘Right to the City’ gives every occupant of the city the right to reclaim public spaces and public participation in the city.
3. ‘Right to the City’ means that the State cannot deny any public service or facility to the unauthorized colonies in the city.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
The question asks us to evaluate three statements regarding the concept of 'Right to the City'. We need to determine which of these statements are correct based on the widely accepted understanding and definitions of this concept, particularly as discussed in international forums like UN-Habitat.
D) 2 and 3
With reference to India, consider the following statements:
1. Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such accused is locked up in a police station, not in jail.
2. During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
The question asks us to evaluate two statements regarding judicial custody in India. We need to determine which of these statements is/are correct based on legal provisions and common understanding of judicial procedures.
Judicial custody indeed means that an accused person is under the custody of a magistrate or court. However, during judicial custody, the accused is typically lodged in a judicial lock-up or jail, not a police station. Police custody is when an accused is held in a police station. The primary distinction is that in judicial custody, the accused is under the direct control of the judiciary, and the police have no direct control over the accused.
Therefore, the part of the statement that says "locked up in a police station, not in jail" is incorrect.
This statement is correct. Once an accused is remanded to judicial custody, they are under the court's supervision. If the police need to interrogate the accused further, they must obtain specific permission from the court. This is a safeguard to prevent abuse of power and ensure due process, as the accused is no longer directly under police control.
B) 2 only
Statement 1 is incorrect because an accused in judicial custody is kept in jail, not a police station. Statement 2 is correct because police require court approval for interrogation during judicial custody.
With reference to India, consider the following statements:
1. When a prisoner makes out a sufficient case, parole cannot be denied to such prisoner because it becomes a matter of his/her right.
2. State Governments have their own Prisoners Release on Parole Rules.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
The question asks us to evaluate two statements regarding parole in India. We need to determine if parole is a matter of right for a prisoner and if State Governments have their own rules for prisoner release on parole.
B) 2 only
The question asks to identify the nodal ministry at the national level responsible for the effective implementation of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, commonly known as the Forest Rights Act (FRA).
Correct Option: D) Ministry of Tribal Affairs is the nodal ministry for the effective implementation of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006. This ministry is specifically responsible for the overall policy, planning, and coordination of programmes for the development and welfare of Scheduled Tribes.
The question asks which article of the Indian Constitution is violated when legislation grants unguided and uncontrolled discretionary power to executive or administrative authorities in applying the law. This situation directly relates to the principle of equality before the law and equal protection of laws.
Correct Option: A) Article 14
Article 14 states that the State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. Granting unguided and uncontrolled discretionary power to the executive allows for arbitrary action, which is a direct violation of the principle of equality and non-arbitrariness enshrined in Article 14. The Supreme Court has repeatedly held that arbitrariness is the very negation of equality.
The question asks to identify an essential feature of Indian polity that indicates its federal character. We need to analyze each option in the context of federalism.
Correct Option: A) The independence of judiciary is safeguarded. An independent judiciary is a vital pillar of a federal system. It acts as the interpreter and guardian of the constitution, resolving disputes between the center and states, or between states, regarding the distribution of powers. This ensures that neither the central government nor the state governments overstep their constitutional boundaries, thereby maintaining the federal balance.
The question asks for the best definition of the term 'State'. To answer this, we need to recall the essential elements that constitute a State in political science.
A) A community of persons permanently occupying a definite territory independent of external control and possessing an organized government
This option provides the most comprehensive and accurate definition of a 'State' by including all four universally accepted essential elements: population, territory, government, and sovereignty.
With reference to the Indian judiciary, consider the following statements:
1. Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with prior permission of the President of India.
2. A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
The question asks us to evaluate two statements regarding the Indian judiciary. We need to determine which of these statements are correct based on constitutional provisions and judicial powers.
A) 1 only. Statement 1 is correct as per Article 128 of the Indian Constitution.
With reference to India, consider the following statements:
1. There is only ‘one citizenship and one domicile’.
2. A citizen by birth only can become the Head of State.
3. A foreigner once granted the citizenship cannot be deprived of it under any circumstances.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
The question asks us to identify the correct statement(s) regarding citizenship in India. We need to evaluate each statement based on the provisions of the Indian Constitution and relevant laws.
A) 1 only
The question asks to identify the factor that best safeguards liberty in a liberal democracy. We need to evaluate each option based on its role in protecting individual freedoms and preventing potential abuses of power.
Correct Option: D) Separation of powers is considered the best safeguard of liberty in a liberal democracy because it prevents the concentration of power, establishes checks and balances, and thereby protects individual freedoms from potential abuse by any single branch of government.