The question asks for the year when the Human Development Index (HDI) was first introduced. This is a factual question related to international development indicators.
A) 1990: The Human Development Index was indeed first introduced in the year 1990 by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in its first Human Development Report.
The question asks to identify the type of unemployment that arises from a mismatch between workers' skills and the requirements of available jobs. We need to understand the definitions of different types of unemployment to select the correct option.
D) Structural unemployment
Structural unemployment occurs when there is a fundamental mismatch between the skills that workers possess and the skills that employers demand. This can be due to technological advancements, changes in consumer demand, globalization, or shifts in the economy's industrial structure. For example, if an industry declines and new industries emerge requiring different skills, workers from the declining industry may become structurally unemployed if they cannot adapt or retrain.
The question asks to identify which of the given options is NOT one of the three core dimensions used to calculate the Human Development Index (HDI). To answer this, one must recall the three fundamental dimensions that constitute the HDI.
C) Political freedom and civil liberties are not directly used as one of the three dimensions to compute the HDI. While these are crucial for human development, the HDI focuses on health, education, and standard of living as its core measurable components.
The question asks about the correct statement regarding the Human Development Index (HDI). We need to understand the core components and philosophy behind HDI to identify the correct option.
Correct Option: A) HDI focuses on people and their capabilities rather than economic output alone. This statement accurately reflects the philosophy of HDI. It was developed to shift the focus from merely economic growth (like GDP) to a broader measure of human well-being, emphasizing people's opportunities and capabilities to live long, healthy, and educated lives.
The question asks about the limitations of using GDP growth as a development indicator. We need to identify which statement accurately describes a drawback of GDP as a measure of overall development or well-being.
C) It does not reflect income distribution, non-market activities or environmental costs — This statement accurately highlights major limitations of GDP as a holistic development indicator. GDP focuses on economic output and does not inherently account for how that output is distributed, the value of unmonetized activities, or the environmental impact of production.
The question asks to identify the correct definition of the 'Labour Force' based on standard economic indicators. Understanding the components that constitute the labour force is crucial for analyzing employment and unemployment statistics.
This definition is consistent with international standards and practices for labour market statistics.
B) Labour Force = Employed + Unemployed (seeking & available for work). This option accurately defines the labour force as the sum of all employed individuals and all unemployed individuals who are actively looking for work and are available to work. This is the standard definition used in labour economics and by statistical agencies.