The question asks to identify the organization responsible for annually publishing the Human Development Index (HDI). This requires knowledge of major international organizations and their key reports.
Correct Option: A) The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is indeed the organization that annually publishes the Human Development Index (HDI) as part of its Human Development Report. This report is a flagship publication of the UNDP.
The question asks about the agency responsible for preparing the National Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) in India. This requires knowledge of the roles and functions of key government and financial institutions in India.
B) NITI Aayog — NITI Aayog is the designated nodal agency for preparing the National Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) in India. It releases reports on the MPI, providing a comprehensive measure of poverty across states and union territories.
The question asks about the primary cause of cyclical unemployment. Understanding the different types of unemployment is key to identifying the correct answer. Cyclical unemployment is directly linked to the overall economic activity and the business cycle.
Correct Option: D) Downturns/recessions in the business cycle reducing aggregate demand. This is the direct cause of cyclical unemployment. When the economy experiences a recession, aggregate demand for goods and services falls. Businesses respond by cutting production and laying off workers, leading to an increase in unemployment.
The question asks about the specific indicator used to measure the health (longevity) dimension within the Human Development Index (HDI). We need to recall the components and their respective indicators used in the HDI calculation.
Correct Option: A) Life expectancy at birth is the specific indicator used to measure the health (longevity) dimension in the Human Development Index (HDI).
The question asks to identify the author of the book 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India', which is associated with the early concept of poverty estimation in India. This requires knowledge of prominent historical figures in Indian economics and politics, particularly those who addressed colonial exploitation and poverty.
Correct Option: C) Dadabhai Naoroji is credited with writing 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India' (1901), in which he put forward the "drain theory" and made one of the earliest attempts to estimate the national income and poverty line in India. He calculated the "jail cost of living" to arrive at a subsistence poverty line, making him a pioneer in poverty estimation in India.
The question asks for the correct formula to calculate per capita income. Per capita income is a measure of the average income earned per person in a given area (city, region, country) in a specified year. It is used to evaluate the average standard of living and economic well-being of a population.
The formula is:
\[ \text{Per Capita Income} = \frac{\text{National Income}}{\text{Total Population}} \]Correct Option: A) National income divided by total population. This option correctly defines per capita income as the total income of a nation divided by its total population, providing an average income per person.