The question asks about the primary focus of the Basel Convention (1989) regarding waste movement. To answer this, one needs to recall the core objective and scope of this international treaty.
Correct Option: C) Hazardous wastes. The Basel Convention is explicitly named and designed to control the transboundary movement and disposal of hazardous wastes.
The question asks to identify the pollutant targeted by the Minamata Convention (2013), which is named after a city that suffered severe industrial pollution poisoning. This requires knowledge of major international environmental conventions and the specific pollutants they address.
A) Mercury — The Minamata Convention on Mercury is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects of mercury. It was adopted in 2013 and is named after Minamata City, Japan, where residents suffered severe health damage from mercury poisoning caused by industrial wastewater.
The question asks to identify the 1992 event where the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was opened for signature, alongside the UNFCCC. This requires knowledge of major international environmental conferences and their outcomes.
Correct Option: D) Rio Earth Summit (UNCED)
The question asks about the primary focus of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. This requires knowledge of international environmental agreements, specifically those related to biodiversity and biotechnology.
Correct Option: C) Living modified organisms (genetically modified organisms)
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is an international agreement that aims to ensure the safe handling, transport, and use of Living Modified Organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health. LMOs are essentially genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
The question asks which international convention the Nagoya Protocol (2010), which deals with access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing, supplements. This requires knowledge of major international environmental agreements and their specific objectives.
Correct Option: B) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). It was adopted in 2010 in Nagoya, Japan, and entered into force in 2014. Its main objective is to implement the third objective of the CBD, which is the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, thereby contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
The question asks for the country where the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), also known as the Bonn Convention, was signed in 1979. This is a factual question requiring knowledge of international environmental conventions.
D) Germany. The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) is commonly known as the Bonn Convention because it was signed in Bonn, Germany, in 1979. Germany is also the depositary of the Convention.