The question asks about the composition of the India Council, specifically the nationality of its retired officials. This requires knowledge of British colonial administration in India.
A) British — The India Council was part of the British administration of India. Therefore, the retired officials who had served in India and subsequently became members of the Council were British.
The question asks about the effective control center for the Government of India as a result of key British parliamentary acts. We need to recall the provisions of the Regulating Act, Pitt's India Act, and subsequent Charter Acts to determine where the ultimate authority resided.
Correct Option: C) London. The various acts passed by the British Parliament, particularly Pitt's India Act, established mechanisms like the Board of Control, which ensured that the ultimate authority and effective control over the administration of British India rested with the British government in London.
The question asks for a term that describes control exercised by authorities in London as evaluation and criticism, rather than direct instruction. This implies that the actions being evaluated have already occurred. We need to choose the Latin phrase that best fits this temporal context.
Correct Option: B) Post facto
The phrase "post facto" means "after the fact." In the context of the sentence, it implies that the authorities in London were evaluating and criticizing actions that had already taken place, rather than providing direct instructions beforehand. This fits the description of control being more about review and assessment than active management.
The question asks about the origin point of a submarine cable laid through the Red Sea to India by 1870. This is a historical fact related to communication infrastructure during the British colonial era.
Correct Option: A) England. By 1870, England (Great Britain) had established a submarine cable connection to India, primarily for administrative and commercial purposes related to the British Raj. This cable passed through the Red Sea, significantly reducing communication time between the two regions.
The question asks to identify the Act in India that established the Governor-General's executive council with members acting as heads of departments and official advisers. This refers to a significant constitutional development in British India.
D) 1858 — The Government of India Act 1858 transferred power from the East India Company to the British Crown and established the Governor-General's Executive Council, whose members were heads of departments and official advisers. This Act laid the foundation for the modern Indian administration.
The question refers to a historical administrative council, likely during the British Raj in India, and asks to identify the department headed by the Commander-in-Chief. This requires knowledge of the structure of the Viceroy's Executive Council or similar bodies during that period.
Correct Option: C) The Commander-in-Chief, by definition, is the head of the military forces. In the context of the British Indian administration and its councils, the Commander-in-Chief always headed the Army Department (or War Department, depending on the specific period's nomenclature, but 'Army' is the most direct and accurate fit among the options).