The question asks to identify the type of political consciousness that fully developed in the second half of the 19th century, leading to an organized national movement in India. This requires knowledge of Indian history, specifically the period of the rise of nationalism.
A) National — The second half of the 19th century was indeed a period marked by the consolidation of a national identity and the emergence of a pan-Indian political consciousness. This led directly to the formation of organizations like the Indian National Congress in 1885, which aimed to represent the interests of the entire nation and spearheaded the national movement against British colonial rule.
The question asks for the specific month in 1885 when the Indian National Congress (INC) was founded. This requires knowledge of a key historical fact related to the Indian freedom struggle.
B) December is the correct answer. The Indian National Congress was founded on December 28, 1885, at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay (now Mumbai). It was established by Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British civil servant, with the objective of providing a platform for civic and political dialogue among educated Indians.
The question asks about the location where Vishnu Digambar Paluskar established the first Gandharva Mahavidyalaya in 1901. This is a factual question related to Indian history and culture, specifically the development of music education.
Correct Option: D) Lahore
The question asks about the primary purpose behind the establishment of the Indian Parliamentary Committee in 1893 by Sir William Wedderburn and W.S. Caine. To answer this, we need to recall the historical context of British India and the efforts made by British sympathizers and Indian nationalists to influence British policy.
A) To agitate for Indian political reforms in the House of Commons. Sir William Wedderburn, a former ICS officer and a Liberal MP, along with W.S. Caine, established the Indian Parliamentary Committee in 1893. Its main objective was to serve as a pressure group within the British Parliament, keeping Indian issues alive and advocating for administrative and political reforms in India. This included demands for greater Indian representation in legislative councils, civil services, and other administrative bodies, as well as economic reforms.
The question asks to evaluate two statements regarding the impact of British rule on the growth of national sentiment and the national movement in India. We need to determine the truthfulness of each statement and their relationship.
B) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true. Statement 2 is related to Statement 1.
Both statements are historically accurate. British policies and their consequences, though often oppressive, inadvertently laid the groundwork for Indian nationalism. Statement 2 explains the various conditions (material, moral, intellectual) that arose due to British rule, which directly contributed to the national sentiment mentioned in Statement 1 and subsequently to the national movement.
The question asks to identify individuals who advocated for a greater role for Indian languages in the education system. This requires knowledge of the educational philosophies and contributions of prominent Indian leaders during the colonial period.
Correct Option: D) All the above