The question asks to identify the first European explorer who reached India by sea route in 1498. This is a direct historical recall question related to the Age of Discovery.
Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, is historically recognized for being the first European to reach India by sea, arriving at Calicut (Kozhikode) on May 20, 1498. This voyage established a direct maritime trade route between Europe and Asia, bypassing the traditional overland routes controlled by Arab and Venetian merchants.
Correct Option: B) Vasco da Gama
The question asks to identify the specific port on the Malabar Coast where Vasco da Gama first landed in India in 1498. This is a direct historical fact question.
C) Calicut (Kozhikode) is the correct answer. Vasco da Gama landed at Kappad near Calicut (Kozhikode) on May 20, 1498.
The question asks to identify the first European power to establish colonies in India. This is a historical fact related to the European arrival and colonial expansion in India. We need to recall the chronological order of European powers establishing their presence.
Correct Option: D) The Portuguese were the first European power to establish colonies in India, beginning with Vasco da Gama's arrival in 1498 and the subsequent establishment of trading posts and territories.
The question asks for the specific year when the Portuguese captured Goa and established it as the capital of their Indian colony. This requires knowledge of key events in Portuguese colonial history in India.
Correct Option: C) 1510 — Afonso de Albuquerque, the second Viceroy of Portuguese India, captured Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur, Yusuf Adil Shah, in 1510. Goa then became the permanent capital of the Portuguese Estado da Índia (State of India) and remained so for centuries.
The question asks to identify the term for the naval pass system implemented by the Portuguese in the Arabian Sea, which mandated all ships to purchase permits. This requires knowledge of historical maritime trade practices and the terminology associated with European colonial powers in India.
A) Cartaz: The "Cartaz" system was indeed introduced by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean region. It was a naval pass or license that ships were required to purchase from the Portuguese authorities to ensure safe passage and avoid attacks by the Portuguese navy. This system was a means for the Portuguese to control trade and levy taxes.
The question asks for the year when the Portuguese Inquisition was established in Goa. This is a historical fact related to Portuguese colonial rule in India. Recalling key dates associated with Portuguese activities in India, particularly the establishment of their religious institutions, will lead to the correct answer.
Correct Option: A) 1560 — The Goa Inquisition was established by the Portuguese in 1560. It was a period of religious persecution against non-Catholics and newly converted Christians suspected of heresy in Portuguese India.