The question asks about the specific policy or entity formed for the best and efficient use of land. This requires knowledge of common governmental or organizational initiatives related to land management and planning.
C) National Land Use Policy is the correct answer. A National Land Use Policy is a comprehensive framework designed to guide the allocation, management, and development of land resources to achieve economic, social, and environmental objectives, ensuring the best and most efficient use of land. Such a policy would address issues like sustainable agriculture, urban planning, environmental protection, and infrastructure development.
The question asks about the target completion period for the National Land Records Modernization Program (NLRMP), which began in 2008. To answer this, one needs to recall the Five-Year Plans of India and their respective durations.
B) The NLRMP, which started in 2008, aimed at updating and digitizing land records by the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan. While it began during the Eleventh Plan, its completion and subsequent integration into DILRMP extended its timeline to the end of the Twelfth Plan (2012-2017).
The question asks to identify the concept that will bring transparency in land dealings, allow for fair pricing, and develop an organized market. We need to evaluate each option based on its primary objective and impact on land administration.
Based on this analysis, 'Conclusive title' directly addresses all aspects mentioned in the question.
D) Conclusive title — A conclusive title system provides a government-guaranteed title to land, meaning the ownership recorded in the land registry is final and cannot be disputed. This significantly reduces litigation, makes land transactions transparent, ensures fair pricing by reducing risks and uncertainties, and ultimately leads to the development of a more organized and efficient land market. It eliminates the need for buyers to conduct extensive due diligence on the seller's title history, as the state guarantees the title.
The question asks about the originator of the Zamindari system in British India. This requires knowledge of key figures in British Indian history and their administrative reforms, particularly in land revenue systems.
A) L. Cornwallis
Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement (also known as the Zamindari System) in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa in 1793. Under this system, zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land and were responsible for collecting revenue from the peasants and paying a fixed amount to the British East India Company. This system aimed to ensure a stable revenue for the Company and create a loyal class of landlords.
The question asks for the most appropriate word to complete the sentence, emphasizing the nature of land records crucial for agricultural development. We need to choose the word that best describes how land records should be maintained and updated to be effective in this context.
C) Scientifically
"Scientifically updated" implies that the land records are maintained with precision, accuracy, and systematic methods, often involving surveying, mapping, and data analysis. This is crucial for agricultural development, as it ensures reliable data for planning, resource allocation, and policy-making.
The question asks for the reasons behind the poor implementation of land reforms in India. Land reforms are complex and their success depends on various factors including administrative efficiency, political commitment, and accurate data. We need to evaluate each given option to determine its contribution to the poor state of land reforms.
Since all the listed options (a, b, c, and d) are significant factors contributing to the poor land reforms in India, the correct answer should include all of them.
D) All the above. All the listed factors—absence of reliable records, absence of an integrated approach, improper implementation, and lack of political will—have historically contributed to the poor state and limited success of land reforms in India.