Directions for the following 8 (eight) items:
Read the following eight passage and answer the items that follow. Your answers to these items should be based on the passage only.
Passage - 1
By killing transparency and competition, crony capitalism is harmful to free enterprise, opportunity and economic growth. Crony capitalism, Where rich and the influential are alleged to have received land and natural resources and various licences in return for payoffs to vental politicians, is now a major issue to be tackled. One of the greatest dangers to growth of developing economics like India is the middle-income trap where crony capitalism creates oligarchies that slow down the growth.
Which among the following is the most logical corollary to the above passage?
Launching more welfare schemes and allocating more finances for the current schemes are urgently needed
Efforts should be made to push up economic growth by other means and provide licences to the poor
Greater transparency in the functioning of the government and promoting the financial inclusion are needed at present
We should concentrate more on developing manufacturing sector than service sector
The question asks for the most logical corollary to the provided passage. A corollary is a direct and natural consequence or conclusion. We need to identify the option that directly addresses the problems highlighted in the passage regarding crony capitalism.
Correct Option: C) Greater transparency in the functioning of the government and promoting the financial inclusion are needed at present
Passage - 2
Climate adaptation may be rendered ineffective if policies are not designed in the context of other development concerns. For instance, a comprehensive strategy that seeks to improve food security in the context of climate change may include a set of coordinated measures related to agricultural extension, crop diversification, integrated water and pest management and agricultural information services. Some of these measures may have to do with climate changes and others with economic development.
What is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?
It is difficult to pursue climate adaptation in the developing countries
Improving food security is a far more complex issue than climate adaptation
Every developmental activity is directly or indirectly linked to climate adaptation
Climate adaptation should be examined in tandem with other economic development options.
The question asks for the most logical and rational inference from the given passage. We need to analyze the core message of the passage, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of climate adaptation policies with other development concerns.
Correct Option: D) Climate adaptation should be examined in tandem with other economic development options.
This option directly captures the essence of the passage, which argues that climate adaptation policies are ineffective if not integrated with broader development concerns. The example of food security clearly illustrates how measures for climate change and economic development are intertwined.
Passage -3
Understanding of the role of biodiversity in the hydrological cycle enables better policy making. The term biodiversity refers to the variety of plants, animals, microorganisms, and the ecosystems in which they occur. Water and biodiversity are interdependent. In reality, the hydrological cycle decides how biodiversity functions. In turn vegetation and soil drive the movement of water. Every glass of water we drink has, at least in part, passed through fish, trees, bacteria, soil and other organisms. Passing through these ecosystems, it is cleansed and made fit for consumption. The supply of water is a critical service that the environment provides.
Which among the following is the most critical inference that can be made from the above passage?
Biodiversity sustains the ability of nature to recycle water
We cannot get potable water without the existence of living organisms
Plants, animals and microorganisms continuously interact among themselves
Living organisms could not have come into existence without hydrological cycle
The question asks for the most critical inference from the given passage. We need to read the passage carefully and identify the central theme or the most significant conclusion that can be drawn from the information provided.
A) Biodiversity sustains the ability of nature to recycle water — The passage clearly states that water passes through various living organisms and ecosystems where it is "cleansed and made fit for consumption." This directly implies that biodiversity is essential for the natural recycling and purification of water, making it a critical service provided by the environment.
Passage - 4
In the last decade, the banking sector has been restructured with a high degree of automation and products that mainly serve middle-class and upper middle-class society. Today there is a need for a new agenda for the banking and non-banking financial services that does not exclude the common man.
Which one of the following is the message that is essentially implied in the above passage?
Need for more automation and more production of banks
Need for a radical restructuring of our entire public finance system
Need to integrate banking and non-banking institutions
Need to promote financial inclusion.
The passage discusses how the banking sector has primarily served the middle and upper-middle classes, and then states a need for a "new agenda" that "does not exclude the common man." The core task is to identify the message that encapsulates this need for inclusivity.
Correct Option: D) Need to promote financial inclusion.
The passage highlights that the current banking system, despite automation, largely caters to the middle and upper-middle classes. It then explicitly states the need for a "new agenda" that "does not exclude the common man." This directly translates to the concept of financial inclusion, which aims to provide accessible and affordable financial services to all segments of society, especially the vulnerable and low-income groups.
Passage - 5
Safe and sustainable sanitation in slums has immeasurable benefits to women and girls in terms of their health, safety, privacy and dignity. However, women do not feature in most of the schemes and policies on urban sanitation. The fact that even now the manual scavenging exists, only goes to show that not enough has been done to promote purr-flush toilets and discontinue the use of dry latrines. A more sustained and rigorous campaign needs to be launched towards the right to sanitation on a very large scale. This should primarily focus on the abolition of manual scavenging.
With reference to the above passage, consider the following statements:
1. Urban sanitation problems can be fully solved by the abolition of manual scavenging only
2. There is a need to promote greater awareness on safe sanitation practices in urban areas
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
The question asks us to evaluate two statements based on the provided passage about urban sanitation. We need to determine which statement(s) are correct according to the information given or implied in the passage.
B) 2 only. Statement 2 is directly supported by the passage's call for promoting better sanitation practices and launching a large-scale campaign for the right to sanitation. Statement 1 is an overstatement because the passage does not claim that abolishing manual scavenging alone will fully solve all urban sanitation problems; it implies a broader approach.
Passage - 6
To understand the nature and quantity of Government proper for man, it is necessary to attend to his character. As nature created him for social life, she fitted him for the station she intended. In all cases she made his natural wants greater than his individual powers. No one man is capable, without the aid of society, of supplying his own wants; and those wants, acting upon every individual, impel the whole of them into society.
Which among the following is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?
Nature has created a great diversity in human society
Any given human society is always short of its wants
Social life is a specific characteristic of man
Diverse natural wants forced man towards social system
The question asks for the most logical and rational inference from the given passage. We need to analyze the passage to identify the core argument presented by the author regarding human nature and the formation of society.
Correct Option: D) Diverse natural wants forced man towards social system
This option directly captures the central argument of the passage. The passage explicitly states that "natural wants greater than his individual powers" and the inability of "one man... to supply his own wants" are what "impel the whole of them into society."
Passage - 7
The nature of the legal imperatives in any given state corresponds to the effective demands that state encounters, and that these, in their turn, depend, in a general way, upon the manner in which economic power is distributed in the society which the state controls.
The statements refers to:
the antithesis of Politics and Economics
the interrelationship of Politics and Economics
the Predominance of Economics over politics
the Predominance of Politics over Economics
The question asks to identify the relationship between politics (legal imperatives of the state) and economics (distribution of economic power) as described in the given passage. We need to analyze how the passage links these two concepts.
B) the interrelationship of Politics and Economics
The passage explicitly states that the "legal imperatives" (politics) are influenced by "effective demands," which are themselves dependent on the "manner in which economic power is distributed" (economics). This shows a clear connection and mutual influence between the two, indicating an interrelationship.
Passage - 8
About 15 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions come from agricultural practices. This includes nitrous oxide from fertilizers; methane from livestock, rice production, and manure storage; and carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning biomass, but this excludes CO2 emissions from soil management practices, savannah burning and deforestation. Forestry, land use, and land-use change account for another 17 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions each year, three quarters of which come from tropical deforestation. The remainder is largely from draining and burning tropical peatland. About the same amount of carbon is stored in the world's peatlands as is stored in the Amazon rainforest.
Which among the following is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?
Organic farming should immediately replace mechanised and chemical dependant agricultural practices all over the world
It is imperative for us to modify our land use practices in order to mitigate climate change
There are no technological solutions to the problem of greenhouse gas emissions.
Tropical areas are the chief sites of carbon sequestration
The question asks for the most logical and rational inference from the provided passage. We need to analyze the passage's main points regarding greenhouse gas emissions and identify the conclusion that is directly supported by the text, avoiding assumptions or information not present.
B) It is imperative for us to modify our land use practices in order to mitigate climate change. This option directly reflects the significant contribution of agricultural practices (15%) and forestry, land use, and land-use change (17%) to global greenhouse gas emissions as detailed in the passage. The combined 32% of emissions from these land-related activities strongly implies that modifying these practices is crucial for climate change mitigation.
The problem describes a person's movement in two distinct phases, each with a specific direction and distance. We need to find the straight-line distance from the starting point to the final point. This can be solved using vector addition or by recognizing the formation of a right-angled triangle and applying the Pythagorean theorem.
B) 13 km is the correct answer because the two movements form the perpendicular sides of a right-angled triangle, and the distance from the starting point is the hypotenuse, calculated using the Pythagorean theorem.
An agricultural field is in the form of a rectangle having length X1 meters and breadth X2 meters (X1 and X2 are variable). If X1 + X2 = 40 meters, then the area of the agricultural field will not exceed which one of the following values?
The problem asks for the maximum possible area of a rectangular field given that the sum of its length and breadth is a constant. This is a classic optimization problem that can be solved using algebraic methods or by applying the AM-GM inequality principle, which states that for two non-negative numbers, their arithmetic mean is always greater than or equal to their geometric mean.
Let the length of the rectangular field be \(X_1\) meters and the breadth be \(X_2\) meters.
The area of the field, denoted by \(A\), is given by the formula:
\[ A = X_1 \times X_2 \]We are given the condition that the sum of the length and breadth is 40 meters:
\[ X_1 + X_2 = 40 \]To maximize the product \(X_1 \times X_2\) given a constant sum \(X_1 + X_2\), the values of \(X_1\) and \(X_2\) should be as close to each other as possible. In fact, the product is maximized when \(X_1 = X_2\).
Using the condition \(X_1 = X_2\) in the sum equation:
\[ X_1 + X_1 = 40 \] \[ 2X_1 = 40 \] \[ X_1 = \frac{40}{2} \] \[ X_1 = 20 \text{ meters} \]Since \(X_1 = X_2\), we also have \(X_2 = 20\) meters.
Now, calculate the maximum area using these values:
\[ A_{\text{max}} = X_1 \times X_2 \] \[ A_{\text{max}} = 20 \text{ meters} \times 20 \text{ meters} \] \[ A_{\text{max}} = 400 \text{ square meters} \]Alternatively, using the AM-GM inequality:
For two non-negative numbers \(X_1\) and \(X_2\), the Arithmetic Mean (AM) is greater than or equal to the Geometric Mean (GM):
\[ \frac{X_1 + X_2}{2} \ge \sqrt{X_1 X_2} \]Substitute the given sum \(X_1 + X_2 = 40\):
\[ \frac{40}{2} \ge \sqrt{X_1 X_2} \] \[ 20 \ge \sqrt{X_1 X_2} \]Square both sides:
\[ 20^2 \ge X_1 X_2 \] \[ 400 \ge X_1 X_2 \]This means the area \(X_1 X_2\) will not exceed 400 square meters. The maximum value is 400 square meters, which occurs when \(X_1 = X_2\).
A) The maximum area is 400 sq m. This is derived from the principle that for a fixed perimeter (or fixed sum of length and breadth), a square encloses the maximum area among all rectangles.