Directions for the following 4 (four) items:
Read the following four passage and answer the items that follow. Your answers to these items should be based on the passage only.
Passage - 1
Researchers simulated street lighting on artificial grassland plots containing pea-aphids, sap-sucking insects, at night. These were exposed to two different types of light- a white light similar to newer commercial LED lights and an amber light similar to sodium street lampe. The low intensity amber light was shown to inhibit, rather than induce, flowering in a wild plant of the pea family which is a source of food for the pes-aphids in grasslands. The number of aphids was also significantly suppressed under the light treatment due to the limited amount of food available.
Which one of the following statements best reflects the most critical inference that can be made from the passage given above?
Low intensity light has more adverse effect on the plants as compared to high Intensity light.
Light pollution can have a permanent adverse impact on an ecosystem.
White light is better for the flowering of plants as compared to the light of other colours.
Proper intensity of light in an ecosystem is important not only for plants but for animals to.
The question asks for the most critical inference that can be made from the provided passage. We need to analyze the passage to understand the cause-and-effect relationships described and then identify the option that best summarizes the broader implication of these findings.
B) Light pollution can have a permanent adverse impact on an ecosystem. The passage demonstrates how artificial light (amber light, a form of light pollution) directly inhibited plant flowering, which in turn suppressed the aphid population. This shows a clear adverse impact on the ecosystem's food web, suggesting that such disruptions can have significant and potentially lasting consequences on the balance of nature.
Passage-2
Approximately 80 percent of all flowering plant species are pollinated by animals, including birds and mammals, but the main pollinators are insects Pollination is responsible for providing us with a wide variety of food, as well as many plant-derived medicines. At least one-third of the world's agricultural crops depend upon pollination. Bees are the most dominant taxa when it comes to pollination and they are crucial to more than four hundred crops. Pollination is an essential service that is the result of intricate relationships between plants and animals, and the reduction or loss of either affects the survival of both. Effective pollination requires resources, such as refuges of pristine natural vegetation.
On the basis of the passage given above, the following assumptions have been made:
1. Sustainable production of India's cereal food grains is impossible without the diversity of pollinating animals.
2 Monoculture of horticultural crops hampers [the survival of insects.
3. Pollinators become scarce in cultivated areas devoid of natural vegetation.
4. Diversity in insects induces diversity of plants.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid ?
1 only
2, 3 and 4 only
1 and 2 only
3 and 4 only
The task is to identify which of the given assumptions are valid based on the provided passage. We need to analyze each assumption in light of the information explicitly stated or strongly implied in the passage.
D) 3 and 4 only
Passage-3
A study conducted on the impacts of climate change over the Cauvery basin of Tamil Nadu using regional climate models showed an increasing trend for maximum and minimum temperatures, and a decrease in the number of rainy days. These climatic shifts will have an impact on the hydrological cycles in the region, lead to more run-off and less recharge, and affect the groundwater tables. Further, there has been an increase in the frequency of droughts in the State. This has driven farmers to increase dependency on groundwater resources to secure their crops.
Which one of the following statements best reflects the crux of the passage given above?
Development of regional climate models helps in choosing climate-smart agricultural practices.
Heavy dependence on groundwater resources can be reduced by adopting dry-land cropping systems.
Climate changes increase the criticality of water resources while simultaneously threatening it.
Climate changes cause the farmers to adopt unsustainable livelihoods and risky coping strategies.
The question asks to identify the statement that best reflects the crux (main point) of the given passage. We need to analyze the passage to understand its core message about climate change and water resources, and then evaluate each option against this understanding.
C) Climate changes increase the criticality of water resources while simultaneously threatening it. This option accurately summarizes the dual impact described in the passage: climate change both degrades water resources (less recharge, affected groundwater) and makes them more essential (increased dependency by farmers), thus increasing their criticality.
Passage-4
Researchers were able to use stem cells to gauge the neurotoxic effects of the environmental pollutant Bisphenol A (BPA). They used a combination of biochemical and cell-based assays to examine the gene expression profile during the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells upon treatment with BPA, a compound known to cause heart diseases,diabetes and developmental abnormalities in humans. They were able to detect and measure BPA ticity towards the proper specification of primary germ layers, such as endoderm and ectoderm, and the establishment of neural progenitor cells.
On the basis of the passage given above, the following assumptions have been made:
1 BPA may alter embryonic development in vivo.
2. Biochemical and cell-based assays are useful in finding out treatments for pollution-induced diseases.
3. Embryonic stem cells could serve as a model to evaluate the physiological effects of environmental pollutants.
Which of the above assumptions are valid
1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 3 only
1,2 and 3
The question asks to identify valid assumptions based on the provided passage. We need to analyze each assumption in light of the information given in the text.
The passage states that researchers used mouse embryonic stem cells to gauge the neurotoxic effects of BPA. It also mentions that BPA is a compound known to cause "developmental abnormalities in humans." Since the study is using embryonic stem cells to detect BPA toxicity towards the proper specification of primary germ layers (endoderm and ectoderm) and the establishment of neural progenitor cells, and BPA is known to cause developmental abnormalities, it is a reasonable assumption that BPA may alter embryonic development in living organisms (in vivo).
The passage states that biochemical and cell-based assays were used "to examine the gene expression profile during the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells upon treatment with BPA" and "to detect and measure BPA toxicity." While these assays are useful for understanding the effects and toxicity of pollutants, the passage does not provide information or imply that they are directly used for "finding out treatments" for pollution-induced diseases. Their utility described here is for detection and understanding mechanisms, not necessarily for treatment discovery.
The passage explicitly states that researchers "were able to use stem cells to gauge the neurotoxic effects of the environmental pollutant Bisphenol A (BPA)." It further details how these cells were used to examine gene expression and detect toxicity towards germ layers and neural progenitor cells. This directly supports the idea that embryonic stem cells can serve as a model to evaluate the effects of environmental pollutants.
C) 1 and 3 only
Assumptions 1 and 3 are directly supported or can be reasonably inferred from the passage. Assumption 1 is supported by the mention of BPA causing developmental abnormalities and the study's focus on embryonic development. Assumption 3 is explicitly demonstrated by the research described in the passage, where embryonic stem cells were used to evaluate BPA's neurotoxic effects.
If 32019 is divided by 10, then what is the remainder?
To find the remainder when \(3^{2019}\) is divided by 10, we need to observe the pattern of the last digit of powers of 3. The remainder when a number is divided by 10 is simply its unit digit.
The unit digits follow a cycle of 4: (3, 9, 7, 1). This cycle repeats every 4 powers.
To find the unit digit of \(3^{2019}\), we need to find the remainder when the exponent 2019 is divided by the length of the cycle, which is 4.
\[ 2019 \div 4 \]We can perform the division:
\[ 2019 = 4 \times 504 + 3 \]The remainder is 3.
A remainder of 3 means the unit digit of \(3^{2019}\) will be the same as the 3rd digit in the cycle (3, 9, 7, 1), which is 7.
The remainder when a number is divided by 10 is its unit digit. Since the unit digit of \(3^{2019}\) is 7, the remainder when \(3^{2019}\) is divided by 10 is 7.
Correct Option: C) 7
A biology class at high school predicted that a local population of animals will double in size every 12 years. The population at the beginning of the year 2021 was estimated to be 50 animals. If P represents the population after n years, then which one of the following equations represents the model of the class for the population?
This problem involves modeling population growth, specifically exponential growth, where the population doubles over a fixed period. We need to identify the correct exponential growth formula that matches the given conditions: an initial population of 50 animals and a doubling period of 12 years.
Identify the initial population: The population at the beginning of 2021 was 50 animals. This is our initial population, often denoted as \(P_0\). So, \(P_0 = 50\).
Understand the doubling time: The population doubles every 12 years. This means that after 12 years, the population will be \(50 \times 2 = 100\). After another 12 years (total 24 years), it will be \(100 \times 2 = 200\), and so on.
Recall the general formula for exponential growth (doubling): The general formula for exponential growth when a quantity doubles over a fixed period is given by:
\[ P(n) = P_0 (2)^{n/D} \]where:
Substitute the given values into the formula:
Substituting these values into the formula, we get:
\[ P = 50 (2)^{n/12} \]Verify with an example:
D) \(P=50(2)^{n/12}\) is the correct equation that models the population growth, as it accurately represents an initial population of 50 doubling every 12 years.
We will solve this problem by assuming a total number of students in the class, say 100. Then, we will calculate the number of Indian students, foreign students, total girls, and Indian girls. Using these values, we can find the number of foreign girls and subsequently the number of foreign boys. Finally, we will express the number of foreign boys as a percentage of the total foreign students.
Let the total number of students in the class be 100.
Given that 60% of students are from India:
\[ \text{Number of Indian students} = 60\% \text{ of } 100 = 60 \]The remaining students are foreign:
\[ \text{Number of Foreign students} = 100 - 60 = 40 \]Given that 50% of the students are girls:
\[ \text{Total number of girls} = 50\% \text{ of } 100 = 50 \]Given that 30% of the Indian students are girls:
\[ \text{Number of Indian girls} = 30\% \text{ of } 60 = \frac{30}{100} \times 60 = 18 \]The total number of girls is the sum of Indian girls and foreign girls:
\[ \text{Total girls} = \text{Indian girls} + \text{Foreign girls} \] \[ 50 = 18 + \text{Foreign girls} \] \[ \text{Number of Foreign girls} = 50 - 18 = 32 \]The total number of foreign students is the sum of foreign girls and foreign boys:
\[ \text{Total foreign students} = \text{Foreign girls} + \text{Foreign boys} \] \[ 40 = 32 + \text{Foreign boys} \] \[ \text{Number of Foreign boys} = 40 - 32 = 8 \]Correct Option: D) 20%
A Statement followed by Conclusion-1 and Conclusion-II is given below. You have to take the Statement to be true even if it seems to be at variance from the commonly known facts. Read all Conclusions and then decide which of the given Conclusion(a) logically follows/follow from the Statement. disregarding the commonly known facts.
Statement: Some radios are mobiles. All mobiles are computers. Some computers are watches.
Conclusion-1: Certainly some radios are watches.
Conclusion II: Certainly some mobiles are watches.
Which one of the following is correct?
Only Conclusion-I
Only Conclusion-II
Both Conclusion-1 and Conclusion-II
Neither Conclusion-I nor Conclusion-II
This problem involves analyzing a set of statements and determining which conclusions logically follow. We will use Venn diagrams to represent the relationships described in the statements. In syllogism problems, a conclusion is considered to logically follow only if it is true in all possible Venn diagram representations of the given statements.
From these, we can deduce:
Now let's check the conclusions.
D) Neither Conclusion-I nor Conclusion-II
As explained in the step-by-step analysis, neither Conclusion I nor Conclusion II logically follows with certainty from the given statements. In both cases, while a connection is possible, it is not guaranteed in all possible Venn diagram configurations.