Directions for the following 4 (four) items:
Read the following four passage and answer the items that follow. Your answers to these items should be based on the passage only.
Passage-1
Fig trees (genus Ficus) are considered sacred in India, East Asia and Africa and are common in agricultural and urban landscapes where other large trees are absent. In natural forests, fig trees provide food for wildlife when other resources are scarce and support a high density and diversity of frugivores (fruit-eating animals). If frugivorous birds and bats continue to visit fig trees located in sites with high human disturbance, sacred fig trees may promote frugivore abundance. Under favourable microclimate, plenty of seedlings of other tree species would grow around fig trees.
On the basis of the passage given above, the following assumptions have been made:
1. Fig trees can often be keystone species in natural forests.
2. Fig trees can grow where other large woody species cannot grow.
3. Sacred trees can have a role in biodiversity conservation.
4. Fig trees have a role in the seed dispersal of other tree species.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
The question asks us to identify valid assumptions based on the provided passage about fig trees. We need to evaluate each assumption against the information explicitly stated or strongly implied in the passage.
D) 1, 3 and 4 Only
Based on the step-by-step evaluation, assumptions 1, 3, and 4 are valid. Assumption 2 is also valid, but option D includes 1, 3 and 4, which are strongly supported. Let's re-evaluate Assumption 2 more critically. While fig trees are common where other large trees are absent, the passage doesn't explicitly state they *cannot* grow. It suggests they are *present* in such conditions. However, the other three assumptions are more directly and strongly supported by the text. Given the options, if we must choose the most valid, 1, 3, and 4 are very strong inferences. Let's re-check the options and the strength of each assumption.
Assumption 1: "Fig trees provide food for wildlife when other resources are scarce and support a high density and diversity of frugivores." This is a classic characteristic of a keystone species. Valid.
Assumption 3: "sacred fig trees may promote frugivore abundance." Promoting abundance of fruit-eating animals contributes to biodiversity conservation. Valid.
Assumption 4: "Under favourable microclimate, plenty of seedlings of other tree species would grow around fig trees." This implies that fig trees create conditions (e.g., through frugivores dispersing seeds, or creating microclimate) that lead to the growth of other tree species, thus playing a role in their dispersal/establishment. Valid.
Assumption 2: "Fig trees can grow where other large woody species cannot grow." The passage says they are "common in agricultural and urban landscapes where other large trees are absent." This implies they can tolerate conditions that other large trees might not, but it doesn't definitively state that other large woody species *cannot* grow there, only that they are *absent*. This is a slightly weaker inference than the others. However, if we consider options, 1, 3, and 4 are very strongly supported.
Therefore, 1, 3, and 4 are the most robust assumptions.
Passage-2
At the heart of agroecology is the idea that agroecosystems should mimic the biodiversity levels and functioning of natural ecosystems. Such agricultural mimics, like their natural models, can be productive, pest-resistant, nutrient conserving, and resilient to shocks and stresses. In ecosystems there is no "waste", nutrients are recycled indefinitely. Agroecology aims at closing nutrient loops, Le, returning all nutrients that come out of the soil back to the soil such as through application of farmyard manure. It also harnesses natural processes to control pests and build soil fertility Le.. through intercropping. Agroecological practices include integrating trees with Irvestock and crops.
Consider the following:
1. Cover rope.
2. Fertigation
3. Hydroponics
4. Mixed farming
5. Polyculture
6. Vertical farming
Which of the above farming practices can be compatible with agroecology, as implied by the passage?
1,4 and 5 only
2,3,4 and 5 only
1,2,3 and 6 Only
4 and 6 Only
The question asks to identify farming practices compatible with agroecology based on the provided passage. Agroecology emphasizes mimicking natural ecosystems, promoting biodiversity, nutrient recycling, pest resistance, and resilience. We need to evaluate each listed practice against these principles.
Correct Option: A) 1,4 and 5 only
Passage-3
Computers increasingly deal not just with abstract data like credit card details and databases, but also with the real world of physical objects and vulnerable human bodies. A modern car is a computer on wheels, an aeroplane is a computer on wings. The arrival of the "Internet of Things" will see computers baked into everything from road signs and MRI scanners to prosthetics and insulin pumps. There is little evidence that these gadgets will be any more trustworthy than their desktop counterparts. Hackers have already proved that they can take remote control of internet connected cars and pacemakers.
Which one of the following statements best reflects the most critical inference that can be made from the passage given above?
Computers are not completely safe.
Companies producing the software do not take cyber security seriously.
Stringent data security laws are needed.
The present trend of communication technologies will affect our lives in future.
The question asks for the most critical inference that can be made from the given passage. We need to analyze the passage to identify its central theme or the main concern it highlights, and then evaluate each option to see which one best reflects this inference.
A) Computers are not completely safe. This option directly captures the essence of the passage, which highlights the vulnerability of computer-integrated systems in the real world, including those affecting human bodies, to hacking and lack of trustworthiness.
Passage-4
A social and physical environment riddled with poverty, inequities, unhygienic and insanitary conditions generates the risk of infectious diseases. Hygiene has different levels: personal, domestic and community hygiene. There is no doubt that personal cleanliness brings down the rate of infectious diseases. But the entry of the market into this domain has created a false sense of security that gets conditioned and reinforced by the onslaught of advertisements. Experience in Western Europe shows that along with personal hygiene, general improvements in environmental conditions and components like clean water, sanitation and food security have brought down infant/child death/infection rates considerably. The obsession with hand hygiene also brings in the persisting influence of the market on personal health, overriding or marginalising the negative impact on ecology and the emergence of resistant germs.
On the basis of the passage given above, the following assumptions have been made:
1. People who are obsessed with personal hygiene tend to ignore the community hygiene.
2. Emergence of multi-drug resistant germs can be prevented by personal cleanliness
3. Entry of the market in the domain of hygiene increases the risk of infectious diseases.
4. Scientific and micro-level interventions are not sufficient to bring down the burden of infectious diseases.
5. It is community hygiene implemented through public health measures that is really effective in the battle against infectious diseases. Which of the above assumptions are valid?
1 and 2 only
3 and 4 only
4 and 5 only
1, 2 and 4 only
The task is to identify valid assumptions based on the provided passage. This requires carefully reading each statement and cross-referencing it with the information and implications presented in the text.
C) 4 and 5 only
Assumptions 4 and 5 are directly supported by the passage. The passage emphasizes that broader environmental and community-level interventions (like clean water, sanitation, food security) are crucial and effective, implying that micro-level interventions alone are insufficient. It also highlights the effectiveness of community hygiene through public health measures.
A Statement followed by Conclusion-I and Conclusion-II is given below. You have to take the Statement to be true even if it seems to be at variance from the commonly known facts. Read all Conclusions and then decide which of the given Conclusion(s) logically follows/follow from the Statement, disregarding the commonly known facts.
Statement: Some cata are almirahs. Some shortest distance between her bank and her almirahs are chairs. All chairs are tables.
Conclusion-I: Certainly some almirahs are tables,
Conclusion-II: Some cate may not be chairs.
Which one of the following is correct?
Only Conclusion-I
Only Conclusion-II
Both Conclusion-I and Conclusion-II
Neither Conclusion-I nor Conclusion-II
This is a syllogism problem. We need to analyze the given statements and determine which conclusions logically follow. We can use Venn diagrams or logical deductions to solve this. The key is to consider all possible scenarios that satisfy the statements and check if the conclusions hold true in all of them.
Analyze the Statements:
Evaluate Conclusion-I: "Certainly some almirahs are tables."
Evaluate Conclusion-II: "Some cats may not be chairs."
Correct Option: C) Both Conclusion-I and Conclusion-II
Conclusion-I is a definite deduction: If some almirahs are chairs and all chairs are tables, then some almirahs must be tables. Conclusion-II states a possibility. Since the statements do not force all cats to be chairs, it is possible that some cats are not chairs. In syllogism, a 'may not be' conclusion is considered valid if there's at least one scenario where it holds true, and the given statements don't contradict it.
The problem describes a ball bouncing, with each bounce reaching a height that is a fraction of the previous height. We need to find out how many times the ball hits the ground before its bounce height falls below a certain threshold. We will calculate the height after each bounce and count the number of hits until the condition for stopping is met.
B) The ball hits the ground 5 times before the height it attains after a bounce becomes less than 50 cm. The heights after each bounce are 120 cm, 96 cm, 76.8 cm, 61.44 cm, and 49.152 cm. Since 49.152 cm is less than 50 cm, the ball stops after the 5th bounce.
The problem asks us to identify the number of capital English consonants whose mirror images do not look like their original shapes. This involves listing all capital consonants and then checking their lateral inversion (mirror image) to see if they retain their original appearance.
B) 14 is the correct answer. There are 21 capital English consonants. Out of these, H, M, T, V, W, X, Y appear the same in a mirror. The remaining \(21 - 7 = 14\) consonants (B, C, D, F, G, J, K, L, N, P, Q, R, S, Z) will have mirror images that do not look like their original shapes.
To solve this problem, we need to trace the employee's path step-by-step and determine her final position relative to her starting point (house). We can use a coordinate system or simply visualize the movements in terms of North, South, East, and West directions.
Alternatively, we can track net displacement:
Since the net North-South displacement is 0 km, the bank is directly East of the house by 25 km.
Correct Option: B) 25km
We need to find all integers between 700 and 1000 (inclusive of 700, exclusive of 1000, meaning 700 to 999) whose digits sum to 10. We can categorize these numbers by their hundreds digit.
Numbers in the 700s: These numbers are of the form \(7xy\). The sum of digits is \(7 + x + y = 10\), which implies \(x + y = 3\).
There are 4 such numbers.
Numbers in the 800s: These numbers are of the form \(8xy\). The sum of digits is \(8 + x + y = 10\), which implies \(x + y = 2\).
There are 3 such numbers.
Numbers in the 900s: These numbers are of the form \(9xy\). The sum of digits is \(9 + x + y = 10\), which implies \(x + y = 1\).
There are 2 such numbers.
Total Count: Summing the counts from each range:
\[ \text{Total} = 4 (\text{from 700s}) + 3 (\text{from 800s}) + 2 (\text{from 900s}) = 9 \]Thus, there are 9 integers between 700 and 1000 (exclusive of 1000) whose digits sum to 10.
Correct Option: D) 9
To determine the final position relative to the starting point, we need to calculate the net displacement in the North-South direction and the East-West direction. Then, we can use these displacements to find the resultant direction and angle.
B) An angle less than 45° North of East. This matches our calculation that the final position is North-East of the starting point, and the angle with the East direction is less than 45°.