Directions for the following 8 (eight) items:
Read the following passage and answer the items that follow. Your answers to these items should be based on the passage only.
Passage - 1
Political theorists no doubt have to take. history of injustice, for example, untouchability, seriously. The concept of historical injustice takes note of a variety of historical wrongs that continue into the present in some form or the other and tend to resist repair. Two reasons might account for resistance to repair. One, not only are the roots of injustice buried deep in history, injustice itself constitutes economic structures of exploitation, ideologies of discrimination and modes of representation. Two, the category of historical injustice generally extends across a number of wrongs such as economic deprivation, social discrimination and lack of recognition. This category is complex, not only because of the overlap between a number of wrongs, but because one or the other wrong. generally discrimination, tends to acquire partial autonomy from others. This is borne out by the history of repair in India.
What is the main idea that we can infer from the passage?
Untouchability in India has not been taken seriously by political theorists.
Historical injustice is inevitable in any society and is always beyond repair.
Social discrimination and deprivation have their roots in bad economies.
It is difficult, if not impossible, to repair every injustice.
The main idea of a passage is the central point or argument the author is trying to convey. To identify it, we need to read the passage carefully, understand its core message, and distinguish it from supporting details or examples. The passage discusses historical injustice, its deep roots, complexity, and resistance to repair.
D) It is difficult, if not impossible, to repair every injustice. This option directly reflects the passage's main argument. The passage explicitly states that historical injustices "tend to resist repair" and provides two detailed reasons why this repair is difficult due to deep roots, complexity, and overlap of wrongs. The phrase "not impossible" acknowledges that efforts are made, but the emphasis is on the difficulty, which aligns perfectly with the passage's tone and content.
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1. Removal of economic discrimination leads to removal of social discrimination.
2. Democratic polity is the best way to repair historical wrongs.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
The task is to evaluate the validity of two assumptions based on an unspecified passage. Since the passage is not provided, we must assess whether these assumptions are universally true or can be logically derived without specific textual support. In competitive exams, if a passage is not provided, assumptions must be evaluated based on general knowledge and logical reasoning, or it implies that the assumptions cannot be definitively made from the *missing* passage.
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Both assumptions make strong, unqualified claims that are not universally true. Economic discrimination and social discrimination are often intertwined but not always causally dependent in a one-way manner. Similarly, while democracy offers avenues to address historical wrongs, calling it the "best" way is a subjective and debatable claim that cannot be assumed as a universal truth.
Passage-2
Education plays a great transformatory role in life, particularly so in this rapidly changing and globalizing world. Universities are the custodians of the intellectual capital and promoters of culture and specialized knowledge. Culture is an activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and human feelings. A merely well informed man is only a bore on God's earth. What we should aim at is producing men who possess both culture and expert knowledge. Their expert knowledge will give them a firm ground to start from and their culture will lead them as deep as philosophy and as high as art. Together it will impart meaning to human existence.
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1. A society without well educated people cannot be transformed into a modern society.
2. Without acquiring culture, a person's education is not complete.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
The task is to evaluate the validity of two assumptions based on the provided passage. We need to analyze each assumption in light of the statements made in the passage, specifically looking for direct support or contradiction.
B) 2 only. Assumption 2 is directly supported by the passage's emphasis on the necessity of both culture and expert knowledge for a complete and meaningful education.
Passage-3
Soil, in which nearly all our food grows, is a living resource that takes years to form. Yet it can vanish in minutes. Each year 75 billion tonnes of fertile soil is lost to erosion. That is alarming- and not just for food producers. Soil can trap huge quantities of carbon dioxide in the form of organic carbon and prevent it from escaping into the atmosphere.
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1. Large-scale soil erosion is a major reason for widespread food insecurity in the world.
2. Soil erosion is mainly anthropogenic.
3. Sustainable management of soils helps in combating climate change.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
The task is to evaluate the validity of three assumptions based solely on the provided passage. We need to check if each assumption can be directly inferred or supported by the information given in the text.
Evaluate Assumption 1: Large-scale soil erosion is a major reason for widespread food insecurity in the world.
Evaluate Assumption 2: Soil erosion is mainly anthropogenic.
Evaluate Assumption 3: Sustainable management of soils helps in combating climate change.
Based on this analysis, only Assumption 3 is valid.
B) 3 only — Assumption 3 is directly supported by the passage's statement that soil can trap carbon dioxide, implying that its sustainable management would aid in combating climate change.
Passage-4
Inequality is visible, even statistically measurable in many instances, but the economic power that drives it is invisible and not measurable. Like the force of gravity, power is the organising principle of inequality, be it of income, or wealth, gender, race, religion and region. Its effects are seen in a pervasive manner in all spheres, but the ways in which economic power pulls and tilts visible economic variables remain invisibly obscure.
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1. Economic power is the only reason for the existence of inequality in a society.
2. Inequality of different kinds, income, wealth, etc, reinforces power.
3. Economic power can be analysed more through its effects than by direct empirical methods.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
The task is to evaluate the validity of three assumptions based on the provided passage. We need to carefully read each assumption and compare it against the statements made or implied in the passage.
B) 3 only
Passage - 5
Climate change may actually benefit some plants by lengthening growing seasons and increasing carbon dioxide. Yet other effects of a warmer world, such as more pests, droughts, and flooding, will be less benign. How will the world adapt? Researchers project that by 2050, suitable croplands for four commodities-maize, potatoes, rice and wheat will shift, in some cases pushing farmers to plant new crops. Some farmlands may benefit from warming, but others won't. Climate alone does not dictate yields; political shifts, global demand, and agricultural practices will influence how farms fare in the future.
Which one of the following is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?
Farmers who modernize their methods and diversify their fields will be in an advantageous position in future.
Climate change will adversely affect the crop diversity.
Shifting major crops to new croplands will lead to agreat increase in the total area under cultivation and thus an increase in overall agricultural production.
Climate change is the most important factor affecting the agricultural economy in the future.
The passage discusses the dual impact of climate change on agriculture: potential benefits (longer growing seasons, increased CO2) and significant challenges (pests, droughts, flooding, shifting croplands). It also explicitly states that factors beyond climate, such as political shifts, global demand, and agricultural practices, will influence future farm outcomes. The most logical inference should synthesize these points, focusing on how farmers can adapt to the complex and uncertain future.
A) Farmers who modernize their methods and diversify their fields will be in an advantageous position in future. — This is the most logical inference because the passage discusses both the challenges and potential benefits of climate change, and explicitly states that "agricultural practices will influence how farms fare in the future." Modernizing methods (to combat pests, droughts, or utilize longer seasons) and diversifying crops (due to shifting croplands and the need to plant new crops) are direct adaptive strategies that would put farmers in a better position to navigate the complex future described.
Passage-6
A bat's wings may look like sheets of skin. But underneath, a bat has the same five fingers as an orangutan or a human, as well as a wrist connected to the same cluster of wrist bones connected to the same long bones of the arm. What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern?
Which one of the following is the most logical, scientific and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?
Different species having similar structure of hands is an example of biodiversity.
Limbs being used by different species for different kinds of work is an example of biodiversity.
Man and the aforementioned animals having similar structure of limbs is an example of coincidence in evolution.
Man and the aforementioned animals have a shared evolutionary history.
The passage describes how various animals (bat, orangutan, human, mole, horse, porpoise) have limbs that, despite serving different functions (grasping, digging, running, swimming, flying), share a fundamental underlying bone structure. This similarity in basic structure, despite divergence in function, is a key concept in evolutionary biology.
Correct Option: D) Man and the aforementioned animals have a shared evolutionary history.
This is the most logical, scientific, and rational inference because the presence of homologous structures (like the pentadactyl limb in vertebrates) is a fundamental piece of evidence for common descent and shared evolutionary ancestry. The passage explicitly describes these homologous structures.
Passage-7
Around 56 million years ago, the Atlantic Ocean had not fully opened and animals, perhaps including our primate ancestors, could walk from Asia to North America through Europe and across Greenland. Earth was warmer than it is today, but as the Palaeocene epoch gave way to Eocene, it was about to get much warmer still rapidly and radically. The cause was a massive geologically sudden release of carbon. During this period called Palaeocene - Eocene Thermal Maximum or PETM, the carbon injected into the atmosphere was roughly the amount that would be injected today if humans burned all the Earth's reserves of coal, oil and natural gas. The PETM lasted for about 1,50,000 years, until the excess carbon was reabsorbed. It brought on drought, floods, insect plagues and a few extinctions. Life on Earth survived - indeed, it prospered-but it was drastically different.
Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1. Global warming has a bearing on the planet's biological evolution.
2. Separation of land masses causes the release of huge quantities of carbon into the atmosphere.
3. Increased warming of Earth's atmosphere can change the composition of its flora and fauna.
4. The present man-made global warming will finally lead to conditions similar to those which happened 56 million years ago.
Which of the assumptions given above are valid?
The question asks to identify valid assumptions based on the provided passage. We need to read each assumption carefully and check if it can be directly inferred or logically concluded from the text.
To find the number of times the digit 5 appears when writing integers from 1 to 1000, we can analyze its occurrence in different place values: units, tens, and hundreds. We will count how many times 5 appears in each position for numbers from 1 to 999, and then consider 1000 separately.
Count occurrences of 5 in the units place (1-999):
Count occurrences of 5 in the tens place (1-999):
Count occurrences of 5 in the hundreds place (1-999):
Total occurrences of 5 from 1 to 999:
Consider the number 1000:
Final Count:
C) 300