The question asks to identify the specific Article in the Indian Constitution that defines the term 'State' for the purpose of Fundamental Rights. This requires knowledge of the Articles related to Fundamental Rights (Part III of the Constitution) and their specific provisions.
Correct Option: D) Article 12
Article 12 of the Indian Constitution defines the term 'State' for the purpose of Part III (Fundamental Rights). It includes the Government and Parliament of India, the Government and the Legislature of each of the States, and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India.
The question asks to identify which entity is NOT considered part of the 'State' under Article 12 of the Indian Constitution. Article 12 defines 'State' for the purpose of Part III (Fundamental Rights) of the Constitution. Understanding this definition is crucial for determining against whom fundamental rights can be enforced.
A) Private companies without government control are generally not included in the definition of 'State' under Article 12, unless they are performing a public function or are under deep and pervasive control of the government. The primary purpose of Article 12 is to identify entities against whom fundamental rights can be enforced. Purely private entities without any governmental nexus do not fall under this definition.
The question asks about the interpretation of 'other authorities' in Article 12 of the Indian Constitution by the Supreme Court. Article 12 defines 'the State' for the purpose of Part III (Fundamental Rights). Understanding this definition is crucial for determining against whom fundamental rights can be enforced.
A) Statutory and non-statutory bodies under deep state control — This option accurately reflects the broad interpretation given by the Supreme Court. It includes both bodies created by law (statutory) and those not created by law (non-statutory) but are subject to significant governmental control, making them 'the State' for the purpose of fundamental rights.
The question asks to identify the Article of the Indian Constitution that declares laws inconsistent with or in derogation of Fundamental Rights as void. This is a direct question about the constitutional provision safeguarding Fundamental Rights against legislative encroachment.
Correct Option: C) Article 13 explicitly declares that laws inconsistent with or in derogation of Fundamental Rights shall be void. It provides for judicial review of legislative acts that may infringe upon these rights.
The question asks about the primary constitutional article that underpins the doctrine of 'Judicial Review' in India. Judicial review is the power of the judiciary to examine the constitutionality of legislative enactments and executive orders of both the Central and State governments. The Indian Constitution does not explicitly mention the term "judicial review" but provides for it through various articles.
Correct Option: D) Article 13 — Article 13 explicitly provides for judicial review by declaring that any law inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights shall be void. This makes it the primary source of the doctrine of judicial review concerning fundamental rights.
The question asks to identify the comprehensive definition of 'law' as understood under Article 13 of the Indian Constitution. Article 13 is crucial as it deals with the fundamental rights and declares that any law inconsistent with or in derogation of fundamental rights shall be void. Therefore, understanding what constitutes 'law' in this context is vital.
C) Ordinances, orders, bye-laws, rules, regulations, notifications, customs and usages. This option correctly enumerates the various components that fall under the definition of 'law' as explicitly stated in Article 13(3)(a) of the Indian Constitution.