The question asks about the constitutional article associated with the doctrine of 'Eclipse'. This doctrine deals with the validity of pre-constitutional laws that are inconsistent with fundamental rights. We need to identify the article that primarily addresses the relationship between laws and fundamental rights.
C) Article 13 is directly associated with the doctrine of 'Eclipse' as it provides the constitutional basis for declaring laws inconsistent with fundamental rights as void, leading to the development of this doctrine by the judiciary.
The question asks to identify the Article in the Indian Constitution that guarantees 'Equality before the Law' and 'Equal Protection of the Laws'. This is a direct question about fundamental rights, specifically the right to equality.
A) Article 14 guarantees both 'Equality before the Law' and 'Equal Protection of the Laws'. 'Equality before the Law' means that no person is above the law and all are subject to the ordinary law of the land. 'Equal Protection of the Laws' implies that among equals, the law should be equal and equally administered, meaning like should be treated alike without discrimination.
The question asks about the origin of the concept 'Equality before Law' as enshrined in Article 14 of the Indian Constitution. To answer this, one needs to recall the sources of various provisions of the Indian Constitution.
Correct Option: B) The concept of 'Equality before Law' is a British concept, forming a part of the Rule of Law as advocated by A.V. Dicey. The Indian Constitution, particularly Article 14, adopted this principle from the United Kingdom.
The question asks about the scope of Article 14 of the Indian Constitution. To answer this, one needs to understand the specific wording and judicial interpretation of "person" as used in this article.
Correct Option: C) All persons, including citizens, foreigners, and legal persons
Article 14 guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the laws to "any person." This term has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to include not just Indian citizens, but also foreigners and legal persons (such as corporations, companies, and other statutory bodies). This makes it one of the fundamental rights available to a wide range of entities within India's territory.
The question asks to identify the legal scholar who propounded the concept of 'Rule of Law', which is enshrined in Article 14 of the Indian Constitution. This requires knowledge of prominent political and legal theorists and their contributions.
The concept of 'Rule of Law' was famously elaborated and popularized by the British jurist A.V. Dicey in his work "Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution" (1885). He outlined three principles:
Article 14 of the Indian Constitution, which states "The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India," directly reflects these principles, particularly the first two.
B) A.V. Dicey — A.V. Dicey is widely recognized for his exposition of the 'Rule of Law' concept, which significantly influenced constitutional thought, including that of India.
The question asks about the specific grounds on which discrimination is prohibited under Article 15 of the Indian Constitution. To answer this, one must recall the exact wording or the key grounds mentioned in Article 15(1).
Correct Option: C) Religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth
This option accurately lists all the grounds explicitly mentioned in Article 15(1) of the Indian Constitution, which prohibits discrimination by the State against any citizen on these specific bases.