The question asks about the founder of the Indian Association in 1876. To answer this, we need to recall the prominent political organizations and their founders during the late 19th century in India.
Correct Option: C) Surendranath Banerji
Surendranath Banerji, along with Ananda Mohan Bose, founded the Indian Association in Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1876. This organization aimed to create a strong public opinion on political questions, promote Hindu-Muslim unity, and represent the interests of the educated middle class. It was a significant precursor to the Indian National Congress.
The question asks to identify the president of the Indian National Congress in 1887 who made a significant statement about the Congress representing all communities. This requires knowledge of the early presidents of the Indian National Congress and their key contributions or statements.
Correct Option: D) Badruddin Tyabji presided over the third session of the Indian National Congress in 1887 in Madras. He was the first Muslim president of the INC and famously declared that the Congress was a body representing all communities of India, countering the British narrative that it was a Hindu organization.
The question asks about the approximate duration of the Moderate phase of the Indian National Congress. To answer this, one needs to recall the key periods in the history of the Indian National Congress, specifically the initial phase dominated by moderate leaders.
A) 1885 to 1905 is the correct period for the Moderate phase of the Indian National Congress. This era saw leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale advocating for reforms through petitions, prayers, and protests within the constitutional framework.
The question asks to identify which group was criticized using the phrase 'politics of prayers'. This phrase refers to a specific method of political agitation employed by a faction within the Indian National Congress during its early phase.
Correct Option: B) The Moderates. The Moderates were known for their reliance on petitions, prayers, and constitutional methods to achieve political reforms, which was criticized as the 'politics of prayers' by more radical factions like the Extremists.
The question asks to identify which of the given options was NOT a demand of the early (Moderate) Congress. To answer this, we need to recall the key demands and objectives of the Moderate phase of the Indian National Congress.
Correct Option: D) Complete independence from British rule was not a demand of the early (Moderate) Congress. The Moderates sought self-government within the British Empire, advocating for reforms and greater Indian participation in administration, but not a complete break from British rule. The demand for complete independence emerged later with the Extremists and the subsequent nationalist movements.
The question asks about the reasons behind the early Indian National Congress's demand for the Indianisation of the administration. This demand was a significant part of their early political agenda, reflecting their concerns about colonial policies and their impact on Indians.
Correct Option: C) To fight racism and reduce the drain of wealth