The question asks to identify the field of science that Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine development in 1796 fundamentally contributed to. This requires knowledge of historical scientific milestones and their respective disciplines.
B) Immunology and preventive medicine — Edward Jenner's development of the smallpox vaccine was the first successful vaccine and laid the groundwork for the scientific understanding of immunity and the practice of preventing infectious diseases through vaccination. This directly falls under the fields of immunology (the study of the immune system) and preventive medicine (measures taken to prevent disease).
The question asks about the impact of Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin. Penicillin is an antibiotic, and understanding what antibiotics treat is key to answering this question.
Based on this, the most logical and historically accurate answer is bacterial infections.
Correct Option: C) Bacterial infections
The question asks about the immediate and revolutionary impact of Wilhelm Röntgen's discovery of X-rays in 1895 on medical diagnosis. We need to identify which option accurately describes this primary impact.
C) Visualise the internal structures of the human body, such as bones, without surgery
Wilhelm Röntgen's discovery of X-rays in 1895 was revolutionary because it provided the first method for physicians to see inside the human body without performing surgery. X-rays pass through soft tissues but are absorbed by denser materials like bones, creating a shadow image that reveals internal structures. This capability transformed medical diagnosis by allowing doctors to identify fractures, locate foreign objects, and detect certain diseases without invasive procedures.
The question asks to identify the agricultural scientist most closely associated with the 'Green Revolution', which involved high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds and modern agricultural techniques. This requires knowledge of key figures in agricultural history.
B) Norman Borlaug is correctly identified as the agricultural scientist most closely associated with the Green Revolution. His pioneering work in developing high-yielding, disease-resistant wheat varieties and promoting their adoption globally, particularly in Mexico, India, and Pakistan, led to a dramatic increase in food production and is widely credited with averting widespread famine.
The question asks to identify a negative societal and environmental consequence associated with the Green Revolution. We need to evaluate each option based on the known impacts of the Green Revolution.
Correct Option: D) Excessive use of chemical fertilisers/pesticides and depletion of groundwater resources
The question asks for the year when the atomic bomb, developed using nuclear fission technology, was first used in warfare against Japan. This is a historical fact related to World War II.
Correct Option: A) 1945
The atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) during World War II, leading to Japan's surrender and the end of the war.