The question asks to identify an essential feature of Indian polity that indicates its federal character. We need to analyze each option in the context of federalism.
Correct Option: A) Independence of judiciary. An independent judiciary acts as the interpreter of the constitution and the arbiter of disputes between different levels of government, which is fundamental to maintaining the balance of power in a federal system.
The question asks about the legislative powers of Parliament during a National Emergency declared under Article 352 of the Indian Constitution. This involves understanding the distribution of legislative powers between the Union and States, particularly how it changes during an emergency.
A) State List — During a National Emergency, Parliament acquires the power to legislate on any matter enumerated in the State List, as per Article 250 of the Constitution. This is a crucial shift in the federal distribution of powers, allowing the Union government to exercise greater control over state subjects during a crisis.
The question asks to identify which of the given acts was NOT enacted by Parliament on the request of two or more states under Article 252 of the Indian Constitution. Article 252 allows Parliament to legislate on state list subjects if two or more state legislatures pass resolutions requesting such legislation.
C) Anti-Hijacking Act, 1982 was enacted by Parliament primarily under its powers related to international obligations (Article 253) and entries in the Union List, not on the request of two or more states under Article 252.
The question asks which Article of the Indian Constitution is violated when legislation grants unguided and uncontrolled discretionary power to executive or administrative authorities in applying the law. This directly relates to the principle of equality before the law and equal protection of the laws, which is a fundamental right.
Correct Option: A) Article 14 — This Article guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the laws. Any legislation that confers unguided and uncontrolled discretionary power on the executive or administrative authority is considered arbitrary and thus violates the fundamental right to equality enshrined in Article 14. The Supreme Court has repeatedly affirmed that arbitrariness is the antithesis of equality.
The question asks to identify the correct statements regarding mining in India. We need to evaluate each statement based on current mining laws and geographical distribution of minerals in India.
Based on the evaluation, only Statement 3 is correct.
Correct Option: D) 3 only
Who among the following can direct that an Act of Parliament does not apply or applies with modifications to tribal areas in Meghalaya?
Governor of Meghalaya
President of India
Chief Minister of Meghalaya
Supreme Court of India
This question tests knowledge of the special provisions for tribal areas in India, particularly those under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution. The Sixth Schedule grants significant autonomy to tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram, and the role of the Governor is crucial in administering these regions.
Correct Option: A) Governor of Meghalaya. The Governor of Meghalaya, under the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution, has the power to direct that an Act of Parliament does not apply or applies with modifications to tribal areas within the state.