Assume that
1. The hour and minute hands of a clock move without jerking.
2. The clock shows a time between 8 o'clock and 9 o'clock.
3. The two hands of the clock are one above the other.
After how many minutes ( nearest integer) will the two hands be again lying one above the other?
This problem involves calculating the relative speed of the hour and minute hands of a clock. We need to find the time interval after which the hands, once aligned, will align again.
Correct Option: C) 65
Directions for the following 2 (two) items:
Read the following passage and answer the items that follow. Your answers to these items should be based on the passage only.
Passage - 1
Climate change poses potentially devastating effects on India's agriculture. While the overall parameters of climate change are increasingly accepted - a 1°C average temperature increase over the next 30 years, sea level rise of less than 10 cm in the same period, and regional monsoon variations and corresponding droughts - the impacts in India are likely to be quite site and crop specific. Some crops may respond favourably to the changing conditions, others may not. This emphasizes the need to promote agricultural research and create maximum flexibility in the system to permit adaptations.
The key ingredient for "drought proofing" is the managed recharge of aquifers. To ensure continued yields of important staple crops (e.g. wheat), it may also be necessary to shift the locations where these crops are grown, in response to temperature changes as well as to water availability. The latter will be a key factor in making long term investment decisions.
For example, water runoff from the Himalayas is predicted to increase over the next 30 years as glaciers melt, but then decline substantially thereafter. It will be critical to provide incentives to plan for these large-scale shifts in agro-ecological conditions.
India needs to make long term investments in research and development in agriculture. India is likely to experience changed weather patterns in future.
Consider the following statements:
Climate change may force the shifting of locations of the existing crops due to
1. melting of glaciers.
2. Water availability and temperature suitability at other locations.
3. Poor productivity of crops.
4. Wider adaptability of crop plants.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1, 2 and 3
2 and 3 only
1 and 4 only
1, 2, 3 and 4
The question asks us to identify the correct statements from the given options regarding why climate change may force the shifting of locations of existing crops, based solely on the provided passage. We need to carefully read the passage and match each statement with the information presented.
Based on this analysis, statements 2 and 3 are directly supported by the passage as reasons for shifting crop locations. Statement 1, while related to water availability, is not presented as a direct, standalone reason for shifting crops in the same way as water availability and temperature suitability are. Statement 4 contradicts the implied need for adaptation due to limited adaptability.
B) 2 and 3 only. Statements 2 ("Water availability and temperature suitability at other locations") and 3 ("Poor productivity of crops") are directly supported by the passage as reasons for shifting crop locations due to climate change.
According to the passage, why is it important to promote agricultural research in India?
To predict variations in monsoon patterns and to manage water resources
To make long term investment decisions for economic growth
To facilitate wider adaptability of crops
To predict drought conditions and to recharge aquifers.
The problem states that the passage says climate change will affect India's agriculture in ways that are site and crop specific, with some crops responding well and others not. This means that the reason for promoting agricultural research must match what the passage says this situation calls for. We will locate the sentence that links climate impacts to research and compare each option with it.
Note the problem described: The impacts of climate change in India are likely to be quite site and crop specific. Some crops may respond favourably to the changing conditions, while others may not.
Locate the link to research: The passage says this emphasizes the need to promote agricultural research and create maximum flexibility in the system to permit adaptations.
Interpret the reason: Since different crops will react differently to climate change, research is needed to help crops adapt to the new conditions. In other words, research helps make crops more widely adaptable.
Check the other options: Predicting monsoons, managing water, recharging aquifers and making investment decisions are mentioned in the passage, but none of them is given as the reason for agricultural research.
Correct Option: C) To facilitate wider adaptability of crops — The passage says the crop-specific impacts of climate change emphasize the need for agricultural research and flexibility to permit adaptations, which means helping crops adapt more widely.
Passage - 2
It is essential that we mitigate the emissions of greenhouse gases and thus avoid some of the worst impacts of climate change that would take place in coming years and decades. Mitigation would require a major shift in the way we produce and consume energy. A shift away from overwhelming dependence on fossil fuels is now long overdue, but unfortunately, technological development has been slow and inadequate largely because government policies have not promoted investments in research and development, myopically as a result of relatively low prices of oil. It is now, therefore, imperative for a country like India treating the opportunity of harnessing renewable energy on a large scale as a national imperative. This country is extremely well endowed with solar, wind and biomass sources of energy. Where we have lagged, unfortunately, is in our ability to develop and to create technological solutions for harnessing these resources.
One particular trajectory for carrying out stringent mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) clearly shows the need for ensuring that global emissions of greenhouse gases peak no later than 2015 and reduce rapidly thereafter. The cost associated with such a trajectory is truly modest and would amount, in the estimation of IPCC, to not more than 3 percent of the global GDP in 2030. In other words, the level of prosperity that the world would have reached without mitigation would at worst be postponed by a few months or a year at the most. This is clearly not a very high price to pay for protecting hundreds of millions of people from the worst risks associated with climate change. Any such effort, however, would require lifestyles to change appropriately also. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions is not a mere technological fix, and clearly requires changes in lifestyles and transformation of a country's economic structure, whereby effective reduction in emissions is brought about, such as through the consumption of much lower quantities of animal protein. The Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) has determined that the emissions from the livestock sector amount to 18 percent of the total. The reduction of emissions from this source is entirely in the hands of human beings, who have never questioned the impacts that their dietary habits of consuming more and more animal protein are bringing about. Mitigation overall has huge co-benefits, such as lower air pollution and health benefits, higher energy security and greater employment.
According to the passage, which of the following would help in the mitigation of greenhouse gases?
1. Reducing the consumption of meat
2. Rapid economic liberalization
3. Reducing the consumerism
4. Modern management practices of livestock
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
The question asks to identify which actions, according to the provided passage, would help in the mitigation of greenhouse gases. We need to carefully read the passage and match the given options with the information presented.
Based on the analysis, statements 1 and 3 are directly supported by the passage as ways to mitigate greenhouse gases.
C) 1 and 3 only
The problem states that the passage says a shift away from fossil fuels is long overdue, and explains why this shift has not happened. This means that the correct reasons must match what the passage gives as the causes of our continued dependence on fossil fuels. We will locate this explanation and test each of the three statements against it.
Locate the explanation: The passage says technological development has been slow and inadequate, largely because government policies have not promoted investments in research and development, short-sightedly because oil prices were relatively low.
Examine statement 1 (Inadequate technological development):
Examine statement 2 (Inadequate funds for research and development):
Examine statement 3 (Inadequate availability of alternative sources of energy):
Combine the results: All three statements explain our continued dependence on fossil fuels.
Correct Option: D) 1, 2 and 3 — Technological development has been inadequate, research and development has lacked investment, and without the technology to harness them, alternative energy sources are not adequately available in practice.
The question asks about the benefits of mitigating greenhouse gases. We need to evaluate each given statement in the context of climate change and its impacts.
Based on the analysis, statements 1, 3, and 4 are correct.
Correct Option: B) 1, 3 and 4
What is the essential message of the passage?
We continue to depend on fossil fuels heavily
Mitigation of the greenhouse gases is imperative
We must invest in research and development
People must change their lifestyle.
The problem states that the passage discusses the need to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, the shift away from fossil fuels, the modest cost of mitigation, the lifestyle changes it needs and its co-benefits. This means that the essential message must tie all these parts together, not just repeat one detail or one step. We will trace the main idea of each part and compare each option with the idea that connects them.
Read the opening line: The passage begins by saying it is essential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. This sets the main theme.
Follow how the passage builds on it:
Find the common thread: Every part of the passage supports one idea: mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions is essential, and the other points describe how to achieve it and why it is worth doing.
Compare the options: Options A, C and D each pick up a single point from the passage. Only option B captures the essential message.
Correct Option: B) Mitigation of the greenhouse gases is imperative — The passage opens by calling mitigation essential, and every later part explains how it can be achieved, why its cost is worth paying and what benefits it brings.
This problem can be solved using the principles of set theory, specifically by applying the inclusion-exclusion principle for two sets. We are given the total number of students, the number of students speaking both languages, and the number of students speaking English. We need to find the number of students speaking Hindi, only Hindi, and only English.
The number of students who can speak only English is the total number of students who can speak English minus those who can speak both English and Hindi.
\[ \text{Only English} = N(E) - N(E \cap H) \]\[ \text{Only English} = 21 - 10 = 11 \]Since some students can speak only English and some can speak only Hindi, and 10 can speak both, it implies that all 50 students can speak at least one of the two languages. So, \(N(E \cup H) = 50\).
Using the principle of inclusion-exclusion:
\[ N(E \cup H) = N(E) + N(H) - N(E \cap H) \]\[ 50 = 21 + N(H) - 10 \]\[ 50 = 11 + N(H) \]\[ N(H) = 50 - 11 \]\[ N(H) = 39 \]The number of students who can speak only Hindi is the total number of students who can speak Hindi minus those who can speak both English and Hindi.
\[ \text{Only Hindi} = N(H) - N(E \cap H) \]\[ \text{Only Hindi} = 39 - 10 = 29 \]The question asks for these values in the order: Hindi, only Hindi, only English.
Correct Option: D) 39, 29 and 11 respectively
To find the percentage change in the area of the garden, we will first define the initial length, width, and area. Then, we will calculate the new length and new width based on the given percentage changes. Finally, we will calculate the new area and compare it to the old area to determine the percentage increase or decrease.
Define initial dimensions and area:
Let the original length of the rectangular garden be \(L\).
Let the original width of the rectangular garden be \(W\).
The original area of the garden, \(A_{\text{old}}\), is given by:
\[ A_{\text{old}} = L \times W \]Calculate the new length:
The length is increased by 40%. So, the new length, \(L_{\text{new}}\), will be:
\[ L_{\text{new}} = L + 0.40L = 1.40L \]Calculate the new width:
The width is decreased by 20%. So, the new width, \(W_{\text{new}}\), will be:
\[ W_{\text{new}} = W - 0.20W = 0.80W \]Calculate the new area:
The new area of the garden, \(A_{\text{new}}\), is given by:
\[ A_{\text{new}} = L_{\text{new}} \times W_{\text{new}} \]Substitute the expressions for \(L_{\text{new}}\) and \(W_{\text{new}}\):
\[ A_{\text{new}} = (1.40L) \times (0.80W) \] \[ A_{\text{new}} = (1.40 \times 0.80) \times (L \times W) \] \[ A_{\text{new}} = 1.12 \times (L \times W) \]Since \(A_{\text{old}} = L \times W\), we can write:
\[ A_{\text{new}} = 1.12 \times A_{\text{old}} \]Determine the percentage change in area:
The new area is \(1.12\) times the old area. This means the area has increased. To find the percentage increase, we use the formula:
\[ \text{Percentage Change} = \left( \frac{A_{\text{new}} - A_{\text{old}}}{A_{\text{old}}} \right) \times 100\% \] \[ \text{Percentage Change} = \left( \frac{1.12 A_{\text{old}} - A_{\text{old}}}{A_{\text{old}}} \right) \times 100\% \] \[ \text{Percentage Change} = \left( \frac{(1.12 - 1) A_{\text{old}}}{A_{\text{old}}} \right) \times 100\% \] \[ \text{Percentage Change} = (0.12) \times 100\% \] \[ \text{Percentage Change} = 12\% \]Since the value is positive, it's an increase.
Correct Option: B) has increased by 12%.