The question asks about the primary function of interferons. To answer this, recall the role of interferons in the immune system, particularly their involvement in antiviral defense.
Correct Option: A) Protect cells from viral infection
Interferons are a crucial part of the innate immune system. They are produced by virus-infected cells and act on neighboring uninfected cells to induce an antiviral state, making them resistant to viral infection. This protective mechanism involves the synthesis of various antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication.
The question asks for the definition of gene therapy. We need to identify the option that accurately describes this biotechnological technique used to treat genetic disorders.
Correct Option: A) Insertion of a functional gene into target cells to correct a genetic disorder
This option accurately describes gene therapy. It involves delivering a healthy copy of a gene to cells that have a defective or missing gene, thereby correcting the underlying genetic problem responsible for a disease.
The question asks about the disease caused by Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) deficiency. This requires knowledge of genetic disorders and their associated enzymatic defects.
C) Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) — ADA deficiency is a well-known genetic cause of SCID, often referred to as "bubble boy disease" due to the extreme isolation required for affected individuals to avoid infections.
The question asks for a technique used in molecular diagnostics to detect very small amounts of pathogen DNA. We need to identify the method that specifically amplifies DNA to make it detectable.
C) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is the correct answer because it is specifically designed to amplify minute quantities of DNA, making it an ideal technique for detecting very small amounts of pathogen DNA in molecular diagnostics.
The question asks about the primary application of ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). To answer this, one needs to recall the fundamental principle and purpose of this widely used immunological technique.
D) Antigens or antibodies in a sample. This accurately describes the primary function of ELISA. It is a highly sensitive and specific method for detecting and quantifying these immunological components.
The question asks about the production method of monoclonal antibodies. This requires knowledge of biotechnology techniques, specifically those used for generating specific antibodies in large quantities.
A) Hybridoma cells (fusion of B cells and myeloma cells) is the correct answer. This method, known as hybridoma technology, is the standard and most widely used technique for producing monoclonal antibodies.