The question asks about the 'Gramdan' initiative launched by Vinoba Bhave, which followed the Bhoodan Movement. Understanding the core principle of Gramdan is key to identifying the correct option.
Correct Option: B) Entire villages collectively donate their lands to be held and managed communally
This option accurately describes the essence of the Gramdan movement. It was a more advanced stage than Bhoodan, where the focus shifted from individual land donations to entire villages pooling their land resources for communal ownership and management, aiming for greater social and economic equality within the village.
The question asks to identify what the Sarvodaya movement, deeply rooted in Gandhian principles, did NOT primarily rely on for achieving its goals, particularly land redistribution. We need to understand the core tenets of Sarvodaya and Gandhian philosophy to determine which option contradicts these principles.
Correct Option: C) State coercion or violent class struggle to achieve land redistribution
The question asks about the reason behind Jayaprakash Narayan's decision to join the Bhoodan-Gramdan campaign, specifically what he had become disillusioned with. This requires knowledge of his political and philosophical journey.
Correct Option: D) Parliamentary/electoral politics and party-based approaches to social change. Jayaprakash Narayan's disillusionment with the limitations and perceived corruption of parliamentary democracy and party politics led him to embrace the Sarvodaya movement and its Bhoodan-Gramdan campaign, which offered an alternative path for social transformation through non-violent, grassroots efforts.
The question asks for the historical assessment of the Bhoodan-Gramdan movement's achievements. To answer this, one needs to recall the nature and outcomes of the movement, particularly its practical impact versus its stated goals.
Correct Option: A) Limited success, as much of the donated land was often of poor quality or subject to implementation difficulties. This option accurately reflects the historical assessment of the Bhoodan-Gramdan movement, acknowledging its idealistic goals but pointing out its practical shortcomings, such as the poor quality of donated land and challenges in its distribution and implementation.
The question asks to identify the historical event that caused significant economic hardship in India, thereby fueling anti-colonial sentiment and paving the way for the Non-Cooperation Movement, as per NCERT texts. We need to evaluate each option based on its historical context and impact on India.
C) First World War, due to increased taxes, forced recruitment, and price rises. The First World War (1914-1918) had a devastating economic impact on India. The British government extracted resources, imposed heavy war taxes, and forcibly recruited Indians into the army. This led to inflation, scarcity of goods, and widespread poverty, which significantly intensified anti-colonial sentiment and created a conducive environment for the Non-Cooperation Movement.
The question asks about the core principle of Mahatma Gandhi's Satyagraha philosophy, beyond the emphasis on truth. We need to identify the method of resistance that was central to his movements like Champaran and Kheda.
B) Non-violent resistance to injustice
Satyagraha, as practiced by Mahatma Gandhi, was fundamentally about achieving political or social objectives through non-violent means. It combined truth with the active, yet peaceful, resistance to injustice, aiming to convert the oppressor through moral persuasion and self-suffering rather than coercion or violence.