This question pertains to the citizenship laws of India, specifically focusing on the criteria for citizenship by birth after a particular date. Indian citizenship law has undergone amendments, and the conditions for citizenship by birth have been tightened over time to address issues like illegal immigration. Understanding these amendments is crucial.
C) Both parents are citizens or one is a citizen and the other not an illegal migrant
This option accurately reflects the conditions for citizenship by birth for individuals born in India on or after December 3, 2004, as per the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2003. It addresses the requirement for both parents' status to be considered.
The question asks about the method through which a foreigner can acquire Indian citizenship based on distinguished service in fields like literature or science. This requires knowledge of the different ways Indian citizenship can be acquired as per the Citizenship Act, 1955.
Correct Option: C) By Naturalisation
The question asks about the nature of Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution. We need to evaluate two statements regarding their enforceability and correlation with legal duties.
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Both statements are incorrect. Fundamental Duties are non-justiciable and are primarily moral obligations. There is no general legislative process for their enforcement, nor are they directly correlative to legal duties in a manner that makes them enforceable by courts without specific enabling legislation.
The question asks about a specific category of aliens who do not receive protection against arrest and detention under Article 22 of the Indian Constitution. To answer this, we need to recall the provisions of Article 22, particularly its exceptions regarding certain individuals.
D) Enemy aliens — Article 22(3)(a) clearly states that the protections against arrest and detention provided by Article 22(1) and (2) do not apply to an "enemy alien." An enemy alien is a citizen of a country that is at war with India. Such individuals are considered a potential threat to national security and are therefore not accorded the same rights as other individuals under this specific article.
The question asks to identify the specific Article in the Indian Constitution that grants the Parliament the authority to legislate on matters related to citizenship. This requires knowledge of Part II of the Indian Constitution, which deals with citizenship.
Correct Option: B) Article 11
The question asks to identify which method is NOT a way to acquire Indian citizenship according to the Citizenship Act, 1955. We need to recall the various modes of citizenship acquisition specified in the Act.