The question asks about the specific constitutional amendment that introduced a Directive Principle of State Policy (DPSP) related to environmental protection. To answer this, one needs to recall the major amendments to the Indian Constitution and their key provisions, particularly those concerning DPSPs.
Correct Option: A) The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added Article 48A to the Directive Principles of State Policy. This article explicitly directs the State to "protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country." This was a significant step towards incorporating environmental protection into the constitutional framework of India.
The question asks about the subject matter of Article 44 of the Indian Constitution. To answer this, one needs to recall the provisions of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) and specifically what Article 44 mandates.
B) Uniform Civil Code — Article 44 of the Indian Constitution, falling under the Directive Principles of State Policy, explicitly states that "The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India."
The question asks about the significance of the Minerva Mills case (1980) in Indian constitutional law. This case is a landmark judgment that clarified the relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.
C) It emphasized balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles. This is the correct answer because the Minerva Mills case highlighted that Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles are two wheels of the chariot of the Constitution, indispensable to each other, and that maintaining a balance between them is crucial for the constitutional scheme.
The question asks to identify the Article of the Indian Constitution that deals with securing the right to work, education, and public assistance. This falls under the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).
Correct Option: A) Article 41 explicitly states the State's duty to secure the right to work, to education, and to public assistance in certain circumstances.
The question asks where the ideal of a 'Welfare State' is enshrined in the Indian Constitution. We need to identify the part of the Constitution that guides the state towards achieving social and economic welfare for its citizens.
Correct Option: B) Directive Principles of State Policy are non-justiciable but fundamental in the governance of the country, guiding the state to promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order permeated by justice—social, economic, and political—and to minimize inequalities in income, status, facilities, and opportunities.
The question asks to identify the Article in the Indian Constitution's Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) that deals with providing just and humane conditions of work. This requires knowledge of the specific provisions of the DPSP.
B) Article 42 — This Article explicitly mandates the State to make provisions for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. This directly matches the condition mentioned in the question.