The question asks for the term that describes a diet containing all essential nutrients in the correct proportions required by the body. We need to evaluate each option based on its definition in nutrition.
Correct Option: D) A balanced diet contains all necessary nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, and roughage) in the correct proportions required by the body to function optimally, promote growth, and maintain health.
The question asks for the term that describes a condition resulting from an inadequate, excessive, or unbalanced intake of nutrients. We need to identify the medical/nutritional term that encompasses all these scenarios.
Correct Option: D) Malnutrition is the correct term. It broadly refers to a condition that results from nutrient deficiency, excess, or imbalance. This includes undernutrition (e.g., protein-energy malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies) and overnutrition (e.g., obesity due to excessive calorie intake).
The question asks to identify the specific condition characterized by severe protein deficiency in young children, leading to oedema, a swollen belly, and stunted growth. We need to recall the distinct symptoms of common nutritional deficiencies.
B) Kwashiorkor is a severe form of malnutrition caused by a diet extremely low in protein, often seen in children in developing countries. Its classic symptoms include oedema (swelling, particularly in the legs and feet), a distended abdomen (swollen belly) due to fluid retention and an enlarged fatty liver, and stunted growth. These symptoms are a direct result of the body's inability to maintain fluid balance and synthesize essential proteins.
The question asks to identify the condition characterized by severe deficiency of both proteins and overall calories in young children, leading to extreme wasting of muscle and fat. This points to a specific type of malnutrition.
Correct Option: D) Marasmus is a severe form of malnutrition caused by a deficiency of both protein and overall calories, leading to extreme wasting of muscle and fat, giving the child a 'skin and bones' appearance.
The question asks to identify the major nutrient that provides approximately twice the energy per gram compared to carbohydrates or proteins. This requires knowledge of the caloric content per gram of different macronutrients.
D) Fat — Fat provides approximately \(9 \text{ kcal/gram}\), which is more than double the energy provided by carbohydrates (\(4 \text{ kcal/gram}\)) or proteins (\(4 \text{ kcal/gram}\)).
The question asks to identify the term for amino acids that the human body cannot produce on its own and must obtain through diet. This is a fundamental concept in human nutrition and biochemistry.
Correct Option: A) Essential amino acids are those that the human body cannot synthesize on its own and must be obtained through the diet. There are nine essential amino acids for adults: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.