The question asks for the primary objective of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). EIA is a systematic process used to identify, predict, evaluate, and mitigate the environmental effects of a proposed project or development. Understanding its core purpose will help identify the correct option.
Correct Option: B) To foresee potential environmental problems
The question asks for the specific year when the Planning Commission of India began evaluating river-valley projects from an environmental perspective. This is a factual question related to the history of environmental policy and planning in India.
Correct Option: C) 1976-77
The Planning Commission started examining river-valley projects from an environmental angle during the financial year 1976-77. This marked an important step towards integrating environmental considerations into India's development planning, particularly for large infrastructure projects like dams and irrigation schemes.
The question asks which provisions of the Indian Constitution the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, was enacted in consonance with. We need to evaluate each given statement against the purpose and constitutional backing of the NGT Act.
Correct Option: A) 1 only
The question asks to identify the specific Indian act that made Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) a statutory requirement. This requires knowledge of major environmental legislation in India and their primary objectives.
B) Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. This Act is the overarching legislation that provides the framework for the Central Government to take all necessary measures for protecting and improving the quality of the environment. It is under this Act that the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification was issued, making EIA a statutory requirement for various development projects in India.
The question asks about the primary application of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). BOD is a crucial environmental parameter used to assess water quality. Understanding its definition and purpose is key to identifying the correct option.
Correct Option: C) Pollution assay in aquatic ecosystems
BOD is a standard method used to determine the amount of organic pollution in a water sample. It quantifies the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to break down organic matter present in the water, thus serving as a direct indicator of the water's organic pollution load and its impact on aquatic life.
The question asks to identify the phase of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) where the necessity of environmental clearance for a project is determined. We need to recall the standard stages of the EIA process and their primary objectives.
Correct Option: B) Screening