The question asks about the fundamental levels at which biodiversity is typically understood and categorized. Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems. Understanding these levels is crucial for conservation efforts and ecological studies.
These three levels—genetic, species, and ecosystem—are universally recognized as the primary components of biodiversity.
B) Genetic, Species, Ecosystem — These three terms accurately represent the hierarchical levels at which biodiversity is studied and understood globally. Genetic diversity is the variation within species, species diversity is the variety of species, and ecosystem diversity is the variety of habitats and ecological communities.
The question asks about the relationship between biodiversity and geographical factors like latitude and altitude. We need to evaluate two statements based on ecological principles.
Statement 1 says: "Biodiversity is normally greater in the lower latitudes as compared to the higher latitudes."
This statement refers to the latitudinal diversity gradient, a well-established ecological pattern. Tropical regions (lower latitudes, near the equator) generally have higher biodiversity than temperate or polar regions (higher latitudes). This is attributed to several factors:
Therefore, Statement 1 is correct.
Statement 2 says: "Along the mountain gradients, biodiversity is normally greater in the lower altitudes as compared to the higher altitudes."
This statement describes the altitudinal diversity gradient. As altitude increases, environmental conditions become harsher. Factors contributing to lower biodiversity at higher altitudes include:
Consequently, biodiversity generally decreases as one ascends a mountain. Therefore, Statement 2 is correct.
C) Both 1 and 2 are correct. Both statements accurately describe well-known ecological patterns regarding biodiversity distribution.
The question asks to identify the correct criteria that contribute to the recognition of biodiversity hotspots, specifically for regions like the Western Ghats - Sri Lanka and Indo-Burma. Biodiversity hotspots are designated based on specific scientific criteria established by Conservation International.
Correct Option: C) 1, 3 and 5
These three criteria directly align with the established scientific definition for identifying biodiversity hotspots: high species richness (especially endemic species) and significant threat to these species/habitats.
The question asks for the best definition of genetic diversity. We need to understand the different levels of biodiversity to correctly identify genetic diversity.
B) Variation of genes within a species
Genetic diversity refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. It is the variation in genes among individuals of the same species, allowing them to adapt to environmental changes and evolve.
The question asks for the reasons behind public resistance to Bt brinjal in India. We need to evaluate each given statement to determine its accuracy as a reason for resistance.
C) 3 and 4 only
Statements 3 and 4 accurately reflect the primary reasons for public and environmental resistance to the introduction of Bt brinjal in India: concerns about human health impacts and adverse effects on biodiversity.
The question asks to identify factors that threaten biodiversity in a geographical area. We need to evaluate each given statement to determine if it poses a threat to biodiversity.
Based on this analysis, statements 1, 2, and 3 are threats to biodiversity.
A) 1, 2 and 3 only. This option correctly identifies global warming, fragmentation of habitats, and invasion of alien species as threats to biodiversity.