The question asks to identify which option is NOT a type of Tundra. Tundra is a biome characterized by permafrost, low temperatures, short growing seasons, and low-lying vegetation. There are distinct classifications of Tundra based on their geographical location and characteristics.
C) Temperate — Temperate refers to a climate zone with moderate temperatures and distinct seasons, which is fundamentally different from the cold, permafrost-dominated conditions of a tundra biome. There is no such classification as "Temperate Tundra."
The question asks how mangroves act as a safety hedge against coastal calamities like tsunamis. We need to identify the primary physical characteristic of mangroves that provides this protective function.
D) The mangrove trees do not get uprooted by storms and tides because of their extensive roots. This is the most accurate explanation. The dense, intricate root systems of mangroves act as a natural barrier, reducing the impact of waves, currents, and storm surges. They stabilize the soil, prevent erosion, and dissipate the energy of incoming water, thus protecting inland areas from coastal calamities like tsunamis.
The question asks why a tropical rainforest, once removed, does not regenerate as quickly as a tropical deciduous forest. This requires understanding the ecological characteristics of these two forest types, particularly concerning soil fertility and regeneration mechanisms.
Correct Option: A) The soil of rain forest is deficient in nutrients.
This is the primary reason. In tropical rainforests, most of the nutrients are stored in the biomass (trees, plants) rather than in the soil. When the forest is cleared, these nutrients are lost through leaching and erosion, leaving behind infertile soil that struggles to support rapid regrowth. The high rainfall further exacerbates nutrient leaching from the exposed soil.
The question asks to identify the forest type characterized by evergreen trees like Spruce, Fir, and Pine. This requires knowledge of different forest biomes and their characteristic tree species.
C) Coniferous Forest — Coniferous forests are indeed characterized by evergreen trees such as Spruce, Fir, and Pine. These trees are adapted to cold climates and have needle-like leaves that help conserve water and withstand snow.
The question asks about the appropriate conditions for using contour bunding as a soil conservation method. We need to evaluate each option based on the characteristics and purpose of contour bunding.
Correct Option: D) None of the above
The question asks why trees do not replace grasses in grasslands during ecological succession. This involves understanding the environmental factors that define and maintain grassland ecosystems, preventing them from transitioning into forests.
Correct Option: C) water limits and fire. This option accurately identifies the two most significant environmental factors that prevent trees from dominating grasslands and maintain the grass ecosystem.