The question asks to identify the scientist who, along with Stanley Cohen, is credited with founding the discipline of biotechnology, specifically referring to the development of recombinant DNA technology. This requires knowledge of key figures in the history of molecular biology and biotechnology.
Correct Option: C) Herbert Boyer. Herbert Boyer, along with Stanley Cohen, is credited with developing recombinant DNA technology in 1973. Their work involved combining DNA from different sources and introducing it into a host organism, which laid the groundwork for modern genetic engineering and the field of biotechnology.
The question asks about the applications of DNA Barcoding. We need to evaluate each statement to determine if it is a valid use of DNA Barcoding technology.
D) 2 and 3. Statements 2 and 3 accurately describe valid applications of DNA Barcoding.
The question asks for the two core techniques that led to the birth of modern biotechnology. Modern biotechnology is characterized by the ability to manipulate genetic material and to scale up biological processes for industrial applications. We need to identify the two techniques that directly address these aspects.
Correct Option: B) Genetic engineering and bioprocess engineering are the two core techniques. Genetic engineering allows for the manipulation of genetic material, while bioprocess engineering enables the large-scale production of biotechnological products.
The question asks to identify the incorrect statement among the given options regarding Hepatitis B and C viruses and HIV. We need to evaluate each statement based on general knowledge about these viruses and their transmission, prevalence, vaccination, and symptoms.
Correct Option: B) Hepatitis B, unlike Hepatitis C, does not have a vaccine.
This statement is incorrect because there is an effective vaccine for Hepatitis B, but not for Hepatitis C.
The question asks about the specific function of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology. To answer this, recall the basic steps of genetic engineering and the tools used at each step.
Therefore, the primary role of restriction enzymes is to cut DNA at specific recognition sequences.
B) Cut DNA at specific sites — Restriction enzymes are endonucleases that recognize specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites) and cleave the DNA backbone at or near these sites. This precise cutting is fundamental for isolating genes of interest and inserting them into vectors.
The question asks to identify which of the given options acts as a vector in recombinant DNA technology. A vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed. We need to evaluate each option based on its role in this process.
Correct Option: B) Plasmid acts as a vector in recombinant DNA technology because it can carry foreign DNA into a host cell, replicate independently, and facilitate the expression of the inserted gene.