The question asks about the characteristics of 'Recombinant Vector Vaccines'. We need to evaluate two statements regarding their development process: the involvement of genetic engineering and the use of bacteria and viruses as vectors.
Since both statements 1 and 2 are correct, the option that includes both is the right answer.
Correct Option: C) Both 1 and 2
Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate DNA fragments based on certain physical properties. Understanding the principle behind this separation is key to answering the question.
C) Their electric charge — DNA fragments are negatively charged due to their phosphate backbone. In gel electrophoresis, an electric field is applied, causing these negatively charged fragments to migrate towards the positive electrode. Without this inherent electric charge, DNA fragments would not move through the gel in response to the electric field, and separation would not occur. While size also plays a crucial role in determining the speed of migration, the electric charge is the characteristic that enables the movement itself.
The question asks to identify the enzyme responsible for forming hydrogen bonds between the sticky ends of DNA. This process is crucial in molecular biology, especially in recombinant DNA technology, where DNA fragments need to be joined together.
C) DNA ligase — DNA ligase is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides, effectively sealing the nicks in the DNA backbone. This action stabilizes the hydrogen bonds that form between complementary sticky ends, thus joining the DNA fragments together.
The question asks to identify the specific vector commonly employed for gene cloning in plants. This requires knowledge of common vectors used in genetic engineering and their specific applications.
Correct Option: C) Ti plasmid is derived from the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This bacterium naturally infects plants and transfers a segment of its plasmid DNA (T-DNA) into the plant's genome, causing tumor formation. Scientists have modified the Ti plasmid by removing the tumor-inducing genes and inserting desired foreign genes, making it an excellent natural vector for plant genetic engineering.
The question asks for the technique used to amplify DNA in vitro. We need to identify the method specifically designed for multiplying DNA copies outside a living organism.
B) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a laboratory technique used to make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA segment, making it the primary method for in vitro DNA amplification.
The question asks about the context in which Bollgard I and Bollgard II technologies are mentioned. This requires knowledge of common agricultural biotechnology terms and their applications, particularly in the Indian context where these technologies are widely discussed.
B) developing genetically modified crop plants. Bollgard I and Bollgard II cotton are prime examples of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) engineered to resist bollworm pests through the incorporation of Bt genes.