The question asks for the definition of 'environmental refugees'. This term refers to people who are forced to leave their homes due to environmental factors. We need to identify the option that best describes this concept.
B) People displaced by climate-related disasters. Environmental refugees are individuals or groups of people who are forced to leave their traditional habitat, temporarily or permanently, because of a marked environmental disruption that jeopardizes their existence and/or seriously affects the quality of their life. This often includes displacement due to climate change impacts such as rising sea levels, desertification, extreme weather events like floods and droughts, and other ecological degradation.
The question asks to identify the organization responsible for publishing the influential report 'Limits to Growth' in 1972. This requires knowledge of key environmental and economic reports and the organizations associated with them.
Correct Option: C) Club of Rome. The Club of Rome commissioned and published 'The Limits to Growth' in 1972. This report highlighted the potential for collapse of the global system if current trends in population growth, industrialization, pollution, food production, and resource depletion continued unchecked.
The question asks to identify the major concern regarding coastal waters globally. We need to evaluate each option based on its prevalence and impact on coastal ecosystems and human activities.
Correct Option: C) Pollution from land-based activities is considered the major concern for coastal waters globally. This type of pollution includes a wide range of contaminants such as sewage, agricultural runoff (pesticides, fertilizers), industrial discharges, plastics, and sediments. These pollutants originate from human activities on land and are transported to coastal areas, causing widespread environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, habitat destruction, and risks to human health and economies dependent on healthy coastal ecosystems. Its pervasive nature and diverse impacts make it the most critical issue.
The question asks to identify the international protocol specifically designed to protect the ozone layer. This requires knowledge of major environmental agreements and their primary objectives.
Correct Option: C) Montreal Protocol
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is a landmark international agreement adopted in 1987. Its primary goal is to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons. This protocol has been highly successful in reducing the hole in the ozone layer.
The question asks for the best definition of 'common property resources'. We need to analyze each option to determine which one accurately describes the characteristics of such resources.
Correct Option: C) Resources accessible to all with defined rights and duties
The question asks to identify the Indian policy specifically designed to mandate cleaner fuels for vehicles. This requires knowledge of major environmental and energy policies in India.
Correct Option: C) National Auto-fuel Policy was specifically formulated to introduce and regulate cleaner fuel standards for vehicles in India, aiming to reduce vehicular pollution. It sets emission norms (like Bharat Stage norms) and specifies the quality of fuel required to meet these norms.