The question asks about the common association of 'cap-and-trade'. This concept is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. We need to identify which of the given options directly relates to this mechanism.
Correct Option: B) Emission Trading. Cap-and-trade is a market-based policy tool designed to reduce pollution, where a cap (limit) is set on the total amount of emissions, and permits to emit are traded among polluters. This trading of permits is precisely what 'Emission Trading' refers to.
The question asks about the host country for the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP 15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This requires knowledge of major international environmental summits and their locations.
Correct Option: C) Denmark hosted the COP 15 Summit in Copenhagen in December 2009. This summit aimed to establish an ambitious global climate agreement to succeed the Kyoto Protocol.
The question asks about the specific Conference of the Parties (COP) meeting where the Green Climate Fund (GCF) was launched. This requires knowledge of key outcomes from various COP meetings under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Correct Option: C) COP 17
The question asks about the importance and features of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). To answer this, we need to evaluate each given statement against the known objectives and operational principles of the UNCCD.
C) 1 and 3 only. Based on the evaluation, statements 1 and 3 accurately describe the importance and features of the UNCCD, while statement 2 is incorrect.
The question asks to identify the correct description of the 'Greenhouse Gas Protocol'. This requires knowledge of environmental initiatives and accounting tools related to greenhouse gas emissions.
Correct Option: A) It is an international accounting tool for government and business leaders to understand, quantify and manage greenhouse gas emissions. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol) is the most widely used international accounting tool for quantifying and managing greenhouse gas emissions. It provides standards and guidance for companies and governments to measure, manage, and report their GHG emissions.
The question asks about the specific Conference of Parties (COP) where the Bali Roadmap was adopted. This requires knowledge of key international climate change conferences and their outcomes.
Correct Option: B) COP 13
The Bali Roadmap was adopted at the 13th Conference of the Parties (COP 13) to the UNFCCC, which took place in Bali, Indonesia, in December 2007. This roadmap established a comprehensive process to enable the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention through long-term cooperative action, up to and beyond 2012.