The question asks for the known equation that relates the pH of a buffer solution to the concentrations of its weak acid/salt or weak base/salt constituents. We need to identify the correct equation from the given options and briefly understand what the other equations represent.
C) The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is the known equation that connects the concentration of a buffer solution's constituents (weak acid/salt or weak base/salt) and its pH.
The question asks to identify which option is NOT a function of biosphere reserves. We need to understand the core objectives and functions of biosphere reserves as defined by UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme.
Correct Option: B) Promotion of monoculture farming
The question asks to identify the largest contributor to India's GDP during the period from 1947 to 1991. This requires knowledge of India's economic history, particularly the sectoral composition of its GDP in the post-independence era.
B) Agriculture sector — For a significant part of the period between 1947 and 1991, the agriculture sector was the largest contributor to India's GDP. It employed the majority of the population and formed the foundation of the Indian economy.
The question asks to identify a non-renewable natural resource from the given options. To answer this, we need to understand the definitions of renewable and non-renewable resources.
Correct Option: D) Natural gas is a fossil fuel and takes millions of years to form, making it a non-renewable resource.
The question asks for the specific year when Sanskrit was officially recognized as a Classical Language in India. This is a factual question related to Indian cultural policy and history, requiring knowledge of the timeline of such declarations.
A) 2005 — The Government of India declared Sanskrit as a Classical Language in the year 2005. This was the second language to receive this status after Tamil (2004).
This question tests knowledge about international environmental conventions and their meeting locations. Specifically, it asks about the host city for the 2025 Conferences of the Parties (COPs) for the Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions (BRS Conventions).
Correct Option: A) Geneva
The question asks about a specific provision of the Banking Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025, concerning the tenure of directors in co-operative banks. To answer this, one needs to be aware of the key changes introduced by this amendment, particularly regarding governance and tenure limits for board members in such financial institutions.
A) 10 years — The Banking Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025, extended the tenure of Directors of co-operative banks to a maximum of 10 years. This was a key reform aimed at improving governance and professionalism in these banks.
The question asks about the organisation responsible for unveiling the first five Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) testbeds in the cement sector in India. This is a factual question related to government initiatives in science, technology, and climate change.
Correct Option: C) Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India
The question asks about the region that receives rainfall mainly from the retreating monsoon. This requires understanding the monsoon patterns in India, specifically the direction and impact of the retreating monsoon.
B) Tamil Nadu — Tamil Nadu receives a significant portion of its annual rainfall during the retreating monsoon season (October to December) due to the moisture-laden winds blowing from the Bay of Bengal.
The question asks about the material properties of the core in an optical fibre. Optical fibres transmit light signals over long distances using the principle of Total Internal Reflection (TIR). For TIR to occur, specific refractive index conditions must be met between the core and the cladding.
Correct Option: A) material with higher refractive index