Which of the following processes is absent in C4 plants?
Transpiration
Photorespiration
Photosynthesis
Respiration
The question asks to identify the process that is absent in C4 plants. To answer this, we need to understand the unique characteristics of C4 plants compared to C3 plants, particularly their adaptations to minimize photorespiration.
B) Photorespiration is significantly suppressed, almost to the point of being absent, in C4 plants due to their specialized carbon fixation pathway and Kranz anatomy, which concentrate CO2 around the RuBisCO enzyme.
The question asks to identify a valuable tree that grows primarily in the western Himalayas and is utilized in construction. We need to evaluate each option based on its geographical distribution and common uses.
Correct Option: D) Deodar is a highly valued coniferous tree native to the western Himalayas. Its wood is durable, strong, and aromatic, making it extensively used in construction for buildings, bridges, and furniture.
The question asks for evidence supporting a highly centralized administration in the Indus-Sarasvati Civilization. We need to evaluate each option based on archaeological findings and historical interpretations of the civilization's characteristics.
Correct Option: C) Standardised weights and measures. The widespread use of uniform weights and measures, as well as standardized brick sizes, across the vast geographical expanse of the Indus-Sarasvati Civilization strongly indicates a centralized authority capable of enforcing such standards. This points to a highly organized and administered society.
The question asks to identify the non-constitutional body responsible for investigating corruption complaints against public servants. We need to evaluate each given option to determine its nature (constitutional or non-constitutional) and its primary function.
Correct Option: B) Lokpal is a non-constitutional (statutory) body established under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, specifically to inquire into allegations of corruption against public functionaries.
The question asks to identify the Indian Army officer who authored the book 'Ready, Relevant and Resurgent: A Blueprint for the Transformation of India's Military', which was unveiled by the Defence Minister in May 2025. This requires knowledge of recent publications by prominent Indian military figures.
A) CDS General Anil Chauhan - General Anil Chauhan, the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) of India, is the author of the book "Ready, Relevant and Resurgent: A Blueprint for the Transformation of India's Military". The book discusses the necessary reforms and strategies for modernizing the Indian military.
The question asks to identify the tribal uprising led by the brothers Sidhu and Kanhu. This requires knowledge of prominent tribal rebellions in Indian history and their key leaders.
Correct Option: B) The Santhal Rebellion (1855-1856) was a major tribal uprising in present-day Jharkhand and West Bengal, led by the charismatic brothers Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu, along with their brothers Chand and Bhairav. They mobilized thousands of Santhals against the exploitation by landlords, moneylenders, and the British administration.
The question asks to identify an ancient set of inscriptions promoting moral values and governance principles, considered one of the earliest written records in Indian history. We need to evaluate each option based on its nature (inscription vs. text), content (moral/governance), and historical period.
Correct Option: D) Edicts of Ashoka. These inscriptions perfectly match the description: they are ancient, inscribed on physical surfaces, promote moral values (Dhamma) and governance principles, and are among the earliest significant written records in Indian history.
The question asks to identify the human activity that contributes most significantly to the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (\(\text{CO}_2\)) levels. We need to evaluate each option based on its impact on \(\text{CO}_2\) emissions.
B) Burning of fossil fuels — The combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) for energy production, transportation, and industrial processes releases vast quantities of stored carbon into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. This is the largest human-caused source of increased atmospheric \(\text{CO}_2\).
The question asks to identify the organization responsible for developing a specific technology (nanoporous multilayered polymeric membrane for high-pressure seawater desalination) in May 2025. This requires knowledge of recent scientific and technological advancements and the organizations involved in such research in India.
C) Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO): DRDO's Materials and Naval Systems (M&NS) cluster, specifically the Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment (DMSRDE), Kanpur, developed this advanced membrane technology. This innovation is significant for providing freshwater solutions, especially for naval applications and disaster relief.
The question asks about the specific types of crimes for which juveniles aged 16-18 can be tried as adults under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. This requires knowledge of the key provisions of this Act.
Correct Option: D) heinous crimes
The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, specifically allows for juveniles in the 16-18 age group to be tried as adults only in cases of "heinous crimes." These are offenses for which the minimum punishment under any law is imprisonment for seven years or more.